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--- a/engineering-metals-selection.html +++ b/engineering-metals-selection.html @@ -1,21 +1,20 @@ <!DOCTYPE html> - <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"/> -<title>Engineering Metals & Alloys Selection Cheatsheet - Lab Edition</title> +<title>Engineering Metals & Alloys Selection Cheatsheet - Lab Edition</title> <meta content="Comprehensive technical reference for selecting engineering metals and alloys, including mechanical properties, performance characteristics, applications, limitations, processing considerations, common equivalents, and typical forms." name="description"/> -<meta content="metals, alloys, engineering materials, material selection, steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, stainless steel, superalloys, tool steel, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, machinability, weldability, alloying elements, AHSS, MMC, amorphous metals, high entropy alloys, common equivalents, material forms" name="keywords"/> +<meta content="metals, alloys, engineering materials, material selection, steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, stainless steel, superalloys, tool steel, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, machinability, weldability, alloying elements, AHSS, MMC, amorphous metals, high entropy alloys, common equivalents, material forms, terminology" name="keywords"/> <link href="https://cheatsheets.davidveksler.com/engineering-metals-selection.html" rel="canonical"/> <!-- Open Graph & Twitter Card Metadata --> -<meta content="Engineering Metals & Alloys Selection Cheatsheet - Lab Edition" property="og:title"/> -<meta content="Comprehensive technical reference for selecting engineering metals and alloys, with common equivalents and typical forms." property="og:description"/> +<meta content="Engineering Metals & Alloys Selection Cheatsheet - Lab Edition" property="og:title"/> +<meta content="Comprehensive technical reference for selecting engineering metals and alloys, with common equivalents, typical forms, and terminology guide." property="og:description"/> <meta content="website" property="og:type"/> <meta content="https://cheatsheets.davidveksler.com/engineering-metals-selection.html" property="og:url"/> <meta content="summary_large_image" name="twitter:card"/> -<meta content="Engineering Metals & Alloys Selection Cheatsheet - Lab Edition" name="twitter:title"/> -<meta content="Comprehensive technical reference for selecting engineering metals and alloys, with common equivalents and typical forms." name="twitter:description"/> +<meta content="Engineering Metals & Alloys Selection Cheatsheet - Lab Edition" name="twitter:title"/> +<meta content="Comprehensive technical reference for selecting engineering metals and alloys, with common equivalents, typical forms, and terminology guide." name="twitter:description"/> <!-- Bootstrap CSS --> <link crossorigin="anonymous" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-QWTKZyjpPEjISv5WaRU9OFeRpok6YctnYmDr5pNlyT2bRjXh0JMhjY6hW+ALEwIH" rel="stylesheet"/> <!-- Bootstrap Icons --> @@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ color: #adb5bd; } - .intro-section { + .intro-section, .terminology-section { background-color: var(--light-bg-color); padding: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 2rem; @@ -74,11 +73,11 @@ border: 1px solid var(--card-border-color); box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.05); } - .intro-section h3.accordion-header button { + .intro-section h3.accordion-header button, .terminology-section h3.accordion-header button { color: var(--primary-accent-color); font-weight: 500; } - .intro-section h4 { + .intro-section h4, .terminology-section h4 { color: var(--secondary-accent-color); margin-top: 1rem; margin-bottom: 0.5rem; @@ -194,6 +193,11 @@ color: var(--primary-accent-color); border: 1px solid #c8d3df; } + .term-tooltip { + cursor: help; + text-decoration: underline dotted; + } + .cost-tier { font-weight: bold; @@ -231,6 +235,17 @@ color: var(--primary-accent-color); border: 1px solid #c8d3df; } + .terminology-section dl dt { + font-weight: 600; + color: var(--primary-accent-color); + margin-top: 0.75rem; + } + .terminology-section dl dd { + margin-left: 0; + padding-left: 1rem; + margin-bottom: 0.5rem; + color: var(--medium-text-color); + } footer { @@ -256,7 +271,7 @@ color: #000; background-color: #fff; } - .page-header, footer, .search-bar-container, .details-toggle, .intro-section { + .page-header, footer, .search-bar-container, .details-toggle, .intro-section, .terminology-section { display: none; } .section-title { @@ -293,10 +308,11 @@ color: #000 !important; font-weight: normal; } - .term { + .term, .term-tooltip { background-color: #f0f0f0; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 0.1em 0.2em; + text-decoration: none; } a { text-decoration: none; @@ -319,6 +335,9 @@ .emerging-material-card .card-header, .matrix-section .card-header { background-color: #f0f0f0 !important; } + [data-bs-toggle="tooltip"]::after { + display: none !important; /* Hide tooltips in print */ + } } </style> <!-- JSON-LD Schema --> @@ -327,14 +346,14 @@ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "TechArticle", "headline": "Engineering Metals & Alloys Selection Cheatsheet - Lab Edition", - "description": "A comprehensive technical reference table for engineering metals and alloys, detailing mechanical properties, key performance characteristics, primary applications, critical limitations, processing considerations, common equivalents, and typical forms available. Includes introductory guides to base metals and alloying, and information on emerging materials.", + "description": "A comprehensive technical reference table for engineering metals and alloys, detailing mechanical properties, key performance characteristics, primary applications, critical limitations, processing considerations, common equivalents, typical forms available, and a guide to common terminology. Includes introductory guides to base metals and alloying, and information on emerging materials.", "author": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Cheatsheet Generator (AI)" }, "datePublished": "2025-05-28", "dateModified": "2025-05-28", - "keywords": "metals, alloys, engineering materials, material selection, steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, stainless steel, superalloys, tool steel, mechanical properties, alloying, AHSS, MMC, amorphous metals, high entropy alloys, common equivalents, typical forms", + "keywords": "metals, alloys, engineering materials, material selection, steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, stainless steel, superalloys, tool steel, mechanical properties, alloying, AHSS, MMC, amorphous metals, high entropy alloys, common equivalents, typical forms, material properties terminology, yield strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, ductility, toughness, corrosion resistance, machinability, weldability", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://cheatsheets.davidveksler.com/engineering-metals-selection-lab.html" @@ -346,7 +365,7 @@ <header class="page-header"> <div class="container"> <h1><i class="bi bi-vial"></i> Engineering Metals & Alloys Cheatsheet <small class="text-white-50" style="font-size: 0.6em;">Lab Edition</small></h1> -<p class="lead">A technical reference for comparing common engineering metals and alloys. Includes properties, applications, limitations, common equivalents, and typical forms to aid material selection.</p> +<p class="lead">A technical reference for comparing common engineering metals and alloys. Includes properties, applications, limitations, common equivalents, typical forms, and a terminology guide to aid material selection.</p> <p class="last-updated">Last Updated: May 28, 2025</p> </div> </header> @@ -354,7 +373,7 @@ <div class="search-bar-container"> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <span class="input-group-text" id="search-addon"><i class="bi bi-search"></i></span> -<input aria-describedby="search-addon" aria-label="Search metals" class="form-control form-control-lg" id="searchInput" placeholder="Search metals, properties, equivalents, forms..." type="text"/> +<input aria-describedby="search-addon" aria-label="Search metals" class="form-control form-control-lg" id="searchInput" placeholder="Search metals, properties, equivalents, forms, terminology..." type="text"/> </div> </div> <!-- Introductory Sections for Beginners --> @@ -373,11 +392,11 @@ <p><strong>Steel</strong> is an alloy of iron and carbon, typically with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight. Carbon is the primary hardening element. Steels offer a vast range of mechanical properties and are the most widely used metallic materials in construction and engineering.</p> <h4>Common Alloying Elements in Steel and Their Effects:</h4> <ul> -<li><span class="term">Carbon (C):</span> The most crucial alloying element. Increases hardness, tensile strength, and responsiveness to heat treatment. Decreases ductility and weldability.</li> -<li><span class="term">Manganese (Mn):</span> Increases strength, hardness, and hardenability. Acts as a deoxidizer and desulfurizer, improving hot workability.</li> -<li><span class="term">Chromium (Cr):</span> Increases hardness, toughness, and wear resistance. Crucially, it imparts corrosion resistance (essential for stainless steels, typically >10.5% Cr). Improves high-temperature strength.</li> -<li><span class="term">Nickel (Ni):</span> Increases strength, toughness (especially at low temperatures), and corrosion resistance. Important in austenitic stainless steels.</li> -<li><span class="term">Molybdenum (Mo):</span> Increases strength, hardness, hardenability, and toughness, especially at elevated temperatures (creep resistance). Enhances corrosion resistance, particularly against pitting in stainless steels.</li> +<li><span class="term">Carbon (C):</span> The most crucial alloying element. Increases <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Resistance of a material to localized deformation.">hardness</span>, <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="The maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking.">tensile strength</span>, and responsiveness to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Controlled heating and cooling processes to alter material properties.">heat treatment</span>. Decreases <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Ability of a material to deform under tensile stress before fracturing.">ductility</span> and <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Ease with which a material can be welded to form a sound joint.">weldability</span>.</li> +<li><span class="term">Manganese (Mn):</span> Increases strength, hardness, and <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Ability of a steel to be hardened by heat treatment (formation of martensite).">hardenability</span>. Acts as a <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="An element added to molten metal to remove oxygen.">deoxidizer</span> and <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="An element added to molten metal to remove sulfur.">desulfurizer</span>, improving <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="The ease with which a metal can be shaped by processes like rolling or forging at elevated temperatures.">hot workability</span>.</li> +<li><span class="term">Chromium (Cr):</span> Increases hardness, <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracturing.">toughness</span>, and wear resistance. Crucially, it imparts <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Ability of a material to resist degradation due to chemical reactions with its environment.">corrosion resistance</span> (essential for stainless steels, typically >10.5% Cr). Improves high-temperature strength.</li> +<li><span class="term">Nickel (Ni):</span> Increases strength, toughness (especially at low temperatures), and corrosion resistance. Important in <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A phase in iron-based alloys with a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, typically non-magnetic.">austenitic</span> stainless steels.</li> +<li><span class="term">Molybdenum (Mo):</span> Increases strength, hardness, hardenability, and toughness, especially at elevated temperatures (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Ability of a material to resist slow deformation under constant stress at high temperatures.">creep resistance</span>). Enhances corrosion resistance, particularly against pitting in stainless steels.</li> <li><span class="term">Silicon (Si):</span> Acts as a deoxidizer. Increases strength and hardness. In cast irons, promotes graphite formation.</li> <li><span class="term">Vanadium (V):</span> Increases strength, toughness, and wear resistance. Promotes fine grain structure.</li> </ul> @@ -392,12 +411,12 @@ </h3> <div aria-labelledby="headingAluminum" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#beginnerAccordion" id="collapseAluminum"> <div class="accordion-body"> -<p><strong>Aluminum (Al)</strong> is a lightweight, silvery-white, non-magnetic, and ductile metal. It has excellent corrosion resistance due to the formation of a passive oxide layer. It's a good thermal and electrical conductor. Pure aluminum is relatively soft and not very strong, so it's often alloyed.</p> +<p><strong>Aluminum (Al)</strong> is a lightweight, silvery-white, non-magnetic, and ductile metal. It has excellent corrosion resistance due to the formation of a passive oxide layer (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Formation of a protective, non-reactive surface layer on a metal.">passivation</span>). It's a good thermal and electrical conductor. Pure aluminum is relatively soft and not very strong, so it's often alloyed.</p> <h4>Common Alloying Elements in Aluminum and Their Effects:</h4> <ul> <li><span class="term">Silicon (Si):</span> Improves fluidity and reduces solidification shrinkage, making it excellent for casting alloys. Increases strength and hardness, and wear resistance.</li> -<li><span class="term">Copper (Cu):</span> Significantly increases strength and hardness, especially through heat treatment (precipitation hardening). Can reduce corrosion resistance and weldability.</li> -<li><span class="term">Magnesium (Mg):</span> Increases strength through solid solution strengthening and improves strain hardening ability. When combined with silicon (as Mg₂Si), allows for heat treatment (6xxx series alloys). Generally improves corrosion resistance.</li> +<li><span class="term">Copper (Cu):</span> Significantly increases strength and hardness, especially through heat treatment (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Strengthening mechanism where fine particles (precipitates) are formed within the metal matrix.">precipitation hardening</span>). Can reduce corrosion resistance and weldability.</li> +<li><span class="term">Magnesium (Mg):</span> Increases strength through <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Strengthening mechanism achieved by adding solute atoms to a base metal, distorting the crystal lattice.">solid solution strengthening</span> and improves <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Increase in hardness and strength of a metal due to plastic deformation.">strain hardening</span> ability. When combined with silicon (as Mg₂Si), allows for heat treatment (6xxx series alloys). Generally improves corrosion resistance.</li> <li><span class="term">Manganese (Mn):</span> Increases strength somewhat through solution strengthening. Improves strain hardening and controls grain structure.</li> <li><span class="term">Zinc (Zn):</span> When combined with magnesium (and sometimes copper), produces the highest strength heat-treatable aluminum alloys (7xxx series).</li> <li><span class="term">Titanium (Ti):</span> Used as a grain refiner, improving mechanical properties and preventing cracking in castings and welds.</li> @@ -413,15 +432,15 @@ </h3> <div aria-labelledby="headingTitanium" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#beginnerAccordion" id="collapseTitanium"> <div class="accordion-body"> -<p><strong>Titanium (Ti)</strong> is a strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal with a silver color. It has a very high strength-to-density ratio. Its excellent corrosion resistance is due to a stable, protective oxide layer. Titanium exists in two main crystallographic forms (alpha and beta), which influences alloying behavior.</p> +<p><strong>Titanium (Ti)</strong> is a strong, lightweight, corrosion-resistant metal with a silver color. It has a very high strength-to-density ratio. Its excellent corrosion resistance is due to a stable, protective oxide layer. Titanium exists in two main crystallographic forms (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A crystallographic phase in titanium alloys, typically with a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure.">alpha</span> and <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A crystallographic phase in titanium alloys, typically with a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure.">beta</span>), which influences alloying behavior.</p> <h4>Common Alloying Elements in Titanium and Their Effects:</h4> <ul> -<li><span class="term">Aluminum (Al):</span> Primarily an alpha stabilizer. Increases strength (both at room and elevated temperatures) and lowers density. Too much Al can lead to embrittlement.</li> -<li><span class="term">Vanadium (V):</span> A beta stabilizer. Improves hardenability and strength. Ti-6Al-4V is the most common titanium alloy, where Vanadium contributes significantly to its heat treatability and strength.</li> +<li><span class="term">Aluminum (Al):</span> Primarily an <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="An alloying element that stabilizes the alpha phase in titanium, generally increasing its transformation temperature.">alpha stabilizer</span>. Increases strength (both at room and elevated temperatures) and lowers density. Too much Al can lead to embrittlement.</li> +<li><span class="term">Vanadium (V):</span> A <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="An alloying element that stabilizes the beta phase in titanium, generally lowering its transformation temperature.">beta stabilizer</span>. Improves hardenability and strength. Ti-6Al-4V is the most common titanium alloy, where Vanadium contributes significantly to its heat treatability and strength.</li> <li><span class="term">Molybdenum (Mo):</span> A strong beta stabilizer. Increases strength, hardenability, and high-temperature properties.</li> <li><span class="term">Chromium (Cr):</span> A beta stabilizer. Similar effects to Molybdenum, enhances strength and hardenability.</li> <li><span class="term">Iron (Fe):</span> A beta stabilizer. Can increase strength but may reduce ductility if present in high amounts or as undesirable phases.</li> -<li><span class="term">Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Carbon (C):</span> Interstitial elements. Small amounts can significantly increase strength and hardness but drastically reduce ductility and toughness. Controlled additions are used in some CP (Commercially Pure) grades.</li> +<li><span class="term">Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Carbon (C):</span> <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Small atoms that fit into the spaces (interstices) between the main atoms in a crystal lattice, significantly affecting properties.">Interstitial elements</span>. Small amounts can significantly increase strength and hardness but drastically reduce ductility and toughness. Controlled additions are used in some CP (Commercially Pure) grades.</li> </ul> </div> </div> @@ -438,7 +457,7 @@ <p><strong>Brasses</strong> are primarily alloys of copper and zinc. <strong>Bronzes</strong> are primarily alloys of copper, usually with tin as the main additive, but the term is also used for alloys with other elements like aluminum or silicon.</p> <h4>Common Alloying Elements in Copper and Their Effects:</h4> <ul> -<li><span class="term">Zinc (Zn):</span> Forms <span class="term">Brass</span>. Increases strength, hardness, and ductility (up to ~35% Zn). Improves castability and machinability (especially with lead additions). Reduces cost compared to pure copper. Higher Zn content can decrease corrosion resistance (dezincification).</li> +<li><span class="term">Zinc (Zn):</span> Forms <span class="term">Brass</span>. Increases strength, hardness, and ductility (up to ~35% Zn). Improves castability and machinability (especially with lead additions). Reduces cost compared to pure copper. Higher Zn content can decrease corrosion resistance (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Selective leaching of zinc from brass alloys, leaving a porous copper-rich residue.">dezincification</span>).</li> <li><span class="term">Tin (Sn):</span> Forms <span class="term">Bronze</span>. Significantly increases strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Improves corrosion resistance. Reduces electrical conductivity more than zinc.</li> <li><span class="term">Aluminum (Al):</span> Forms <span class="term">Aluminum Bronze</span>. Provides high strength, excellent corrosion resistance (especially in seawater), and good wear resistance.</li> <li><span class="term">Silicon (Si):</span> Forms <span class="term">Silicon Bronze</span>. Increases strength and corrosion resistance. Improves castability and weldability.</li> @@ -464,9 +483,9 @@ <li><span class="term">Chromium (Cr):</span> Essential for high-temperature oxidation and corrosion resistance (forms a stable Cr₂O₃ protective scale). Contributes to solid solution strengthening. Key in alloys like Inconel.</li> <li><span class="term">Molybdenum (Mo):</span> Provides significant solid solution strengthening. Enhances resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. Important in alloys like Hastelloy.</li> <li><span class="term">Cobalt (Co):</span> Can increase strength at high temperatures and improve creep resistance. Often used in conjunction with other elements.</li> -<li><span class="term">Aluminum (Al) & Titanium (Ti):</span> These are key precipitation hardening elements in many nickel superalloys. They form fine, coherent gamma prime (γ' - Ni₃(Al,Ti)) precipitates that dramatically increase high-temperature strength and creep resistance.</li> +<li><span class="term">Aluminum (Al) & Titanium (Ti):</span> These are key precipitation hardening elements in many nickel superalloys. They form fine, coherent <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A key strengthening precipitate (Ni₃(Al,Ti)) in nickel-based superalloys.">gamma prime (γ')</span> precipitates that dramatically increase high-temperature strength and creep resistance.</li> <li><span class="term">Iron (Fe):</span> Can be a base element (e.g., Incoloy series) or an addition to nickel-based alloys to modify properties and reduce cost. Often improves weldability.</li> -<li><span class="term">Niobium (Nb) / Columbium (Cb) & Tantalum (Ta):</span> Form carbides and contribute to precipitation hardening (gamma double prime γ'' in Inconel 718). Improve creep strength and weldability in some alloys.</li> +<li><span class="term">Niobium (Nb) / Columbium (Cb) & Tantalum (Ta):</span> Form carbides and contribute to precipitation hardening (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A strengthening precipitate (Ni₃Nb) in some nickel-based superalloys like Inconel 718.">gamma double prime γ''</span> in Inconel 718). Improve creep strength and weldability in some alloys.</li> <li><span class="term">Tungsten (W):</span> Potent solid solution strengthener at high temperatures. Increases creep resistance.</li> <li><span class="term">Carbon (C):</span> Forms carbides with elements like Cr, Mo, Ti, Nb, W. Carbides can strengthen grain boundaries or contribute to wear resistance, but their morphology and location must be carefully controlled to avoid embrittlement.</li> </ul> @@ -475,6 +494,131 @@ </div> </div> </section> + +<!-- Terminology Section --> +<section class="terminology-section" id="terminology-guide"> + <h2 class="section-title"><i class="bi bi-rulers"></i> Common Material Properties Terminology</h2> + <div class="accordion" id="terminologyAccordion"> + <div class="accordion-item"> + <h3 class="accordion-header" id="headingMechanicalProperties"> + <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseMechanicalProperties" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseMechanicalProperties"> + Mechanical Properties + </button> + </h3> + <div id="collapseMechanicalProperties" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingMechanicalProperties" data-bs-parent="#terminologyAccordion"> + <div class="accordion-body"> + <dl> + <dt>Yield Strength (MPa)</dt> + <dd>The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically (permanently). Before this point, deformation is elastic (temporary). Measured in Megapascals (MPa). [1, 3]</dd> + <dt>Tensile Strength (MPa)</dt> + <dd>The maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking (local reduction in cross-sectional area) begins, leading to fracture. Measured in Megapascals (MPa). [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Modulus of Elasticity (Young's Modulus) (GPa)</dt> + <dd>A measure of a material's stiffness or resistance to elastic deformation under tensile or compressive stress. It's the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region. Measured in Gigapascals (GPa). [1, 5]</dd> + <dt>Density (g/cm³)</dt> + <dd>The mass of a material per unit volume. Commonly expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³). [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Hardness (e.g., HB, HRC)</dt> + <dd>A measure of a material's resistance to localized plastic deformation, such as indentation, scratching, or abrasion. Common scales include Brinell Hardness (HB) and Rockwell Hardness (HRC). [1, 3]</dd> + <dt>Ductility</dt> + <dd>The ability of a material to undergo significant plastic deformation (e.g., be stretched, pulled, or drawn into a wire) before fracturing. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Toughness</dt> + <dd>The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracturing. It represents a combination of strength and ductility. [1, 3]</dd> + <dt>Hardenability (primarily for Steel)</dt> + <dd>The ability of a steel to be hardened by heat treatment, specifically the depth to which martensite can be formed when quenched from austenitizing temperature. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Creep Resistance</dt> + <dd>A material's ability to resist slow, gradual deformation (creep) under constant stress, especially at elevated temperatures over extended periods. [1, 5]</dd> + <dt>Fatigue Resistance / Endurance Limit</dt> + <dd>A material's ability to withstand repeated cycles of stress or strain without failing. The endurance limit (or fatigue limit) is the stress level below which a material can theoretically withstand an infinite number of loading cycles. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Notch Sensitivity</dt> + <dd>The extent to which the presence of a notch, crack, or other stress concentrator reduces the strength or fatigue life of a material. Brittle materials are generally more notch-sensitive. [1, 2]</dd> + </dl> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="accordion-item"> + <h3 class="accordion-header" id="headingPhysicalChemicalProperties"> + <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapsePhysicalChemicalProperties" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapsePhysicalChemicalProperties"> + Physical & Chemical Properties + </button> + </h3> + <div id="collapsePhysicalChemicalProperties" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingPhysicalChemicalProperties" data-bs-parent="#terminologyAccordion"> + <div class="accordion-body"> + <dl> + <dt>Corrosion Resistance</dt> + <dd>The ability of a material to withstand degradation and chemical breakdown due to reactions with its environment (e.g., oxidation, rusting, pitting). [1, 3]</dd> + <dt>Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)</dt> + <dd>A measure of a material's ability to conduct or transfer heat. Expressed in Watts per meter-Kelvin (W/m·K). [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Electrical Conductivity (% IACS or S/m)</dt> + <dd>A measure of how well a material conducts an electric current. Often expressed as a percentage of the International Annealed Copper Standard (% IACS) or in Siemens per meter (S/m). [1, 5]</dd> + <dt>IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard)</dt> + <dd>A standard where the conductivity of annealed copper at 20°C is defined as 100% IACS. Other materials' conductivities are expressed relative to this. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Passivation</dt> + <dd>A process of treating or coating a metal to reduce its chemical reactivity. In stainless steels, it involves the formation of a protective, passive oxide layer (typically chromium oxide) on the surface, enhancing corrosion resistance by removing free iron. [1, 2]</dd> + </dl> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="accordion-item"> + <h3 class="accordion-header" id="headingProcessingMetallurgicalTerms"> + <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseProcessingMetallurgicalTerms" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseProcessingMetallurgicalTerms"> + Processing & Metallurgical Terms + </button> + </h3> + <div id="collapseProcessingMetallurgicalTerms" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingProcessingMetallurgicalTerms" data-bs-parent="#terminologyAccordion"> + <div class="accordion-body"> + <dl> + <dt>Machinability</dt> + <dd>The ease with which a metal can be cut or shaped by machining processes, resulting in a good surface finish and tool life. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Weldability</dt> + <dd>The ability of a material to be welded under given conditions to form a sound joint that performs satisfactorily in its intended service. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Heat Treatment</dt> + <dd>Controlled heating and cooling processes applied to metals to alter their microstructure and, consequently, their physical and mechanical properties (e.g., hardness, strength, ductility). [3, 4]</dd> + <dd><em>Annealing:</em> A heat treatment process that alters a material's microstructure to typically increase its ductility, reduce hardness, and relieve internal stresses, making it more workable. [2, 4]</dd> + <dd><em>Quenching:</em> Rapid cooling of a heated metal, often by immersion in water, oil, or air, to achieve specific microstructures like martensite for increased hardness. [2, 3]</dd> + <dd><em>Tempering:</em> A heat treatment process applied after quenching to reduce brittleness and relieve internal stresses, usually by heating to a temperature below the lower critical temperature, holding, and then cooling. [2, 3]</dd> + <dd><em>Aging (Age Hardening):</em> A heat treatment that induces precipitation of fine particles within a metal's microstructure over time, either at room temperature (natural aging) or elevated temperatures (artificial aging), to increase strength and hardness. See Precipitation Hardening. [3, 5]</dd> + <dd><em>Solution Treatment (Solution Annealing):</em> Heating an alloy to a suitable temperature to dissolve alloying elements into a solid solution, followed by rapid cooling to retain this state. This prepares the material for subsequent aging or other treatments. [2, 5]</dd> + <dd><em>Precipitation Hardening:</em> A strengthening mechanism involving the formation of fine, uniformly dispersed secondary phase particles (precipitates) within the primary phase of a metal alloy during heat treatment (aging). [3, 5]</dd> + <dt>Work Hardening (Strain Hardening)</dt> + <dd>The strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation (e.g., rolling, drawing, bending) at a temperature below its recrystallization point. This increases hardness and strength but usually reduces ductility. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Solid Solution Strengthening</dt> + <dd>A strengthening mechanism in metals achieved by adding atoms of one element (solute) to the crystal lattice of another element (solvent), forming a solid solution. The solute atoms distort the lattice, impeding dislocation movement. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Interstitial Strengthening</dt> + <dd>A type of solid solution strengthening where small solute atoms (e.g., carbon, nitrogen) occupy the interstitial sites (spaces between solvent atoms) in the crystal lattice, causing significant lattice distortion and impeding dislocation movement. [1, 4]</dd> + <dt>Sensitization (in Stainless Steel)</dt> + <dd>A phenomenon in some stainless steels where chromium carbides precipitate at grain boundaries when exposed to elevated temperatures (approx. 425-815°C). This depletes chromium in adjacent regions, making the steel susceptible to intergranular corrosion. [1, 3]</dd> + <dt>Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)</dt> + <dd>The initiation and growth of cracks in a material due to the combined action of tensile stress (applied or residual) and a specific corrosive environment. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Galvanic Corrosion (Bimetallic Corrosion)</dt> + <dd>An electrochemical process where one metal corrodes preferentially when in electrical contact with a different metal (the cathode) in the presence of an electrolyte. The more active metal becomes the anode and corrodes. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Hydrogen Embrittlement</dt> + <dd>A reduction in the ductility and toughness of a metal due to the absorption and diffusion of atomic hydrogen, which can lead to premature failure under stress. High-strength steels are particularly susceptible. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Dezincification</dt> + <dd>A selective leaching corrosion process where zinc is preferentially removed from brass alloys, leaving behind a porous, copper-rich, and weakened structure. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Temper Embrittlement</dt> + <dd>A reduction in the toughness of certain steels when tempered or held within a specific temperature range (typically 345-575°C), often due to the segregation of impurity elements to grain boundaries. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Phases (e.g., Ferrite, Austenite, Martensite, Bainite)</dt> + <dd>Distinct, homogeneous regions within a material that have a specific crystal structure and composition. Common phases in steel include: + <ul> + <li><em>Ferrite:</em> A body-centered cubic (BCC) iron phase, relatively soft and ductile, magnetic. [1]</li> + <li><em>Austenite:</em> A face-centered cubic (FCC) iron phase, typically stable at high temperatures, non-magnetic, can dissolve more carbon than ferrite.</li> + <li><em>Martensite:</em> A very hard and brittle body-centered tetragonal (BCT) phase formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of austenite. [1, 3]</li> + <li><em>Bainite:</em> A microstructure consisting of ferrite and cementite (iron carbide) that forms at temperatures between those for pearlite and martensite. It offers a combination of strength and toughness. [1, 2]</li> + </ul> + </dd> + <dt>Intermetallic Compound</dt> + <dd>A phase in an alloy system with a distinct chemical formula and crystal structure, formed by two or more metallic elements (and sometimes non-metals) in fixed stoichiometric proportions. Often hard and brittle. [1, 3]</dd> + <dt>Alloying Element & Base Metal</dt> + <dd><em>Base Metal:</em> The primary metal in an alloy (e.g., iron in steel, aluminum in aluminum alloys). [1, 2] <em>Alloying Element:</em> An element intentionally added to a base metal to modify its properties. [1, 2]</dd> + <dt>Configurational Entropy (in HEAs)</dt> + <dd>A measure of the randomness or disorder in the atomic arrangement of an alloy due to the mixing of multiple principal elements. In High Entropy Alloys (HEAs), high configurational entropy is thought to stabilize simple solid solution phases. [1, 5]</dd> + </dl> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> +</section> + + <div id="metals-data-container"> <!-- Carbon & Alloy Steels Section --> <section data-section-id="carbon-alloy-steels" id="carbon-alloy-steels"> @@ -504,7 +648,7 @@ <td data-label="Tensile">400-550</td> <td data-label="Modulus">200</td> <td data-label="Density">7.85</td> -<td data-label="Hardness">~120-160 HB</td> +<td data-label="Hardness">~120-160 <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Brinell Hardness: measures indentation hardness by pressing a hard sphere into the material.">HB</span></td> <td class="cost-tier cost-tier-1" data-label="Cost Tier">$</td> <td> <button aria-controls="details-a36" aria-expanded="false" class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary details-toggle" data-bs-target="#details-a36" data-bs-toggle="collapse" type="button"> @@ -530,11 +674,11 @@ <td data-label="Material">4140 Alloy Steel</td> <td data-label="Equivalents">UNS G41400, AISI 4140, EN 42CrMo4 (1.7225)</td> <td data-label="Forms">Bar, Rod, Forging, Tube, Plate</td> -<td data-label="Yield">415 (Ann) - 655+ (Q&T)</td> +<td data-label="Yield">415 (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Annealed: Heat treated to relieve stress, soften, and improve ductility.">Ann</span>) - 655+ (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Quenched and Tempered: Heat treatment process to increase hardness and toughness.">Q&T</span>)</td> <td data-label="Tensile">655 (Ann) - 1020+ (Q&T)</td> <td data-label="Modulus">205</td> <td data-label="Density">7.85</td> -<td data-label="Hardness">~197 HB (Ann), 28-34 HRC (Q&T)</td> +<td data-label="Hardness">~197 HB (Ann), 28-34 <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Rockwell Hardness C scale: measures indentation hardness using a diamond cone.">HRC</span> (Q&T)</td> <td class="cost-tier cost-tier-2" data-label="Cost Tier">$$</td> <td> <button aria-controls="details-4140" aria-expanded="false" class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary details-toggle" data-bs-target="#details-4140" data-bs-toggle="collapse" type="button"> @@ -551,9 +695,9 @@ <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Automotive axles, crankshafts, medium-duty gears, bolts, couplings, spindles, tool holders.</p> <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> -<p>Requires proper heat treatment for optimal properties. Susceptible to temper embrittlement if not carefully processed. Not ideal for highly corrosive environments without protection.</p> +<p>Requires proper heat treatment for optimal properties. Susceptible to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Loss of toughness in steel when tempered within a specific temperature range or slow cooled through it.">temper embrittlement</span> if not carefully processed. Not ideal for highly corrosive environments without protection.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> -<p>Responds well to heat treatment (quenching and tempering). Machinable. Weldable with pre/post heat treatment. Can be nitrided for surface hardness.</p> +<p>Responds well to heat treatment (quenching and tempering). Machinable. Weldable with pre/post heat treatment. Can be <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A surface hardening process where nitrogen is diffused into the steel.">nitrided</span> for surface hardness.</p> </div> </td> </tr> @@ -582,9 +726,9 @@ <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Aircraft landing gear, high-stress shafts and gears, military ordnance, connecting rods, structural parts requiring high strength and toughness.</p> <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> -<p>Notch-sensitive, requires careful design and heat treatment to avoid embrittlement. Prone to hydrogen embrittlement if improperly plated. Difficult to weld.</p> +<p><span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Susceptibility of a material to fracture initiation at stress concentrations like notches or cracks.">Notch-sensitive</span>, requires careful design and heat treatment to avoid embrittlement. Prone to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Loss of ductility in a metal due to absorbed hydrogen, often from plating or corrosive environments.">hydrogen embrittlement</span> if improperly plated. Difficult to weld.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> -<p>Deep hardening. Requires specific heat treatments (austenitizing, quenching, tempering) for optimal properties. Weldable only with stringent procedures.</p> +<p>Deep hardening. Requires specific heat treatments (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Heating steel to a temperature where austenite forms.">austenitizing</span>, quenching, tempering) for optimal properties. Weldable only with stringent procedures.</p> </div> </td> </tr> @@ -613,14 +757,14 @@ </thead> <tbody> <tr> -<td data-label="Material">304 SS (Austenitic)</td> +<td data-label="Material">304 SS (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A type of stainless steel with a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure, typically non-magnetic and highly formable.">Austenitic</span>)</td> <td data-label="Equivalents">UNS S30400, AISI 304, EN 1.4301, JIS SUS304</td> <td data-label="Forms">Sheet, Plate, Bar, Tube, Pipe, Wire, Fittings, Casting</td> <td data-label="Yield">205-310</td> <td data-label="Tensile">515-620</td> <td data-label="Modulus">193-200</td> <td data-label="Density">8.0</td> -<td data-label="Hardness">~85 HRB (Annealed)</td> +<td data-label="Hardness">~85 <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Rockwell Hardness B scale: measures indentation hardness, often for softer metals.">HRB</span> (Annealed)</td> <td class="cost-tier cost-tier-2" data-label="Cost Tier">$$</td> <td> <button aria-controls="details-304ss" aria-expanded="false" class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary details-toggle" data-bs-target="#details-304ss" data-bs-toggle="collapse" type="button"> @@ -629,11 +773,11 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="details-304ss"> <h6>Key Performance:</h6> <ul> -<li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Good in many atmospheric and mild chemical environments; susceptible to chlorides (pitting, crevice corrosion, SCC).</li> +<li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Good in many atmospheric and mild chemical environments; susceptible to chlorides (pitting, crevice corrosion, <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Cracking due to combined tensile stress and a specific corrosive environment.">SCC</span>).</li> <li><span class="term">Thermal Conductivity</span>: 16.2 W/m·K (Low).</li> -<li><span class="term">Electrical Conductivity</span>: ~2.4% IACS (Low).</li> -<li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Poor (work hardening, gummy chips); use sharp tools, slow speeds, positive feeds, good coolant.</li> -<li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good by most fusion and resistance methods; susceptible to sensitization (loss of corrosion resistance at welds) if not low carbon (304L) or stabilized.</li> +<li><span class="term">Electrical Conductivity</span>: ~2.4% <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="International Annealed Copper Standard: 100% IACS is the conductivity of pure annealed copper.">IACS</span> (Low).</li> +<li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Poor (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Increase in hardness and strength due to plastic deformation.">work hardening</span>, gummy chips); use sharp tools, slow speeds, positive feeds, good coolant.</li> +<li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good by most fusion and resistance methods; susceptible to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries in stainless steels, reducing corrosion resistance.">sensitization</span> (loss of corrosion resistance at welds) if not low carbon (304L) or stabilized.</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Food processing equipment (tanks, piping), architectural trim, kitchen sinks, cutlery, brewery equipment, chemical tanks (mild service), exhaust systems.</p> @@ -665,22 +809,22 @@ <li><span class="term">Thermal Conductivity</span>: 16.3 W/m·K (Low).</li> <li><span class="term">Electrical Conductivity</span>: ~2.3% IACS (Low).</li> <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Poor (work hardening), similar to 304, slightly more difficult.</li> -<li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good; 316L (low carbon) preferred to avoid sensitization and ensure intergranular corrosion resistance at welds.</li> +<li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good; 316L (low carbon) preferred to avoid sensitization and ensure <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Corrosion occurring preferentially at or adjacent to grain boundaries.">intergranular corrosion</span> resistance at welds.</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Marine hardware (boat fittings, propellers), pharmaceutical equipment, chemical processing (tanks, pipes for more aggressive media), food processing, medical implants, pulp & paper industry.</p> <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> -<p>Chloride SCC above ~60°C, though more resistant than 304. Galvanic corrosion with aluminum, carbon steel. More expensive than 304.</p> +<p>Chloride SCC above ~60°C, though more resistant than 304. <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Accelerated corrosion of a more active metal when in electrical contact with a less active metal in an electrolyte.">Galvanic corrosion</span> with aluminum, carbon steel. More expensive than 304.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> <p>Non-hardenable by heat treatment. Cold work increases strength. Good formability. Annealing restores ductility.</p> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> -<td data-label="Material">17-4 PH SS (Precipitation Hardening)</td> +<td data-label="Material">17-4 PH SS (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Strengthening by forming fine particles (precipitates) in the metal matrix through heat treatment.">Precipitation Hardening</span>)</td> <td data-label="Equivalents">UNS S17400, AISI 630, EN 1.4542</td> <td data-label="Forms">Bar, Rod, Plate, Sheet, Wire, Forging, Casting</td> -<td data-label="Yield">720 (Sol. Ann.) - 1170-1310 (H900)</td> +<td data-label="Yield">720 (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Solution Annealed: Heat treated to dissolve alloying elements into a solid solution, followed by cooling.">Sol. Ann.</span>) - 1170-1310 (H900)</td> <td data-label="Tensile">1000 (Sol. Ann.) - 1310-1450 (H900)</td> <td data-label="Modulus">196</td> <td data-label="Density">7.81</td> @@ -693,11 +837,11 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="details-174ph"> <h6>Key Performance:</h6> <ul> -<li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Good, comparable to 304 in many media, but can vary with heat treat condition. Better than hardenable martensitic grades (e.g., 410).</li> +<li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Good, comparable to 304 in many media, but can vary with heat treat condition. Better than hardenable <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A hard, brittle phase in steel formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of austenite.">martensitic</span> grades (e.g., 410).</li> <li><span class="term">Thermal Conductivity</span>: 17.9 W/m·K (at 100°C for H900).</li> <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Fair in annealed (Condition A) state, more difficult when aged/hardened.</li> <li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good, usually welded in solution annealed condition, then aged. Pre-heating generally not required for thin sections.</li> -<li><span class="term">High Strength & Hardness:</span> Achieved through relatively simple, low-temperature aging treatment.</li> +<li><span class="term">High Strength & Hardness:</span> Achieved through relatively simple, low-temperature <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A heat treatment process that induces precipitation of fine particles to increase strength and hardness.">aging</span> treatment.</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Aerospace fasteners and structural components, valve components, pump shafts, gears, food processing equipment, nuclear reactor components.</p> @@ -753,15 +897,15 @@ <li><span class="term">Thermal Conductivity</span>: 167 W/m·K (Good).</li> <li><span class="term">Electrical Conductivity</span>: ~43% IACS.</li> <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Good in T6 temper.</li> -<li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good (strength reduction in Heat Affected Zone - HAZ, often requires re-aging or used as-welded with lower strength).</li> +<li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good (strength reduction in <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Heat Affected Zone: The area of base material, not melted during welding, but whose microstructure and properties were altered by the heat.">HAZ</span>, often requires re-aging or used as-welded with lower strength).</li> <li><span class="term">Formability:</span> Good in annealed (O) condition, fair in T4, limited in T6.</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Structural extrusions (window frames, architectural components), bicycle frames, automotive components (chassis parts, suspension), marine applications (small boats, fittings), piping, scuba tanks.</p> <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> -<p>Strength significantly reduced in weld zones unless post-weld heat treated (re-solutionize and age). Lower strength than 2xxx or 7xxx series. Not ideal for high fatigue applications without careful design.</p> +<p>Strength significantly reduced in weld zones unless post-weld heat treated (re-solutionize and age). Lower strength than 2xxx or 7xxx series. Not ideal for high <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Ability of a material to withstand repeated loading cycles without failure.">fatigue</span> applications without careful design.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> -<p>Age-hardenable (Mg₂Si precipitates). Excellent formability in annealed (O) condition. Easily extruded into complex shapes. T6 temper involves solution heat treating and artificial aging.</p> +<p>Age-hardenable (Mg₂Si precipitates). Excellent formability in annealed (O) condition. Easily extruded into complex shapes. T6 temper involves <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Heating an alloy to dissolve alloying elements into a solid solution, followed by rapid cooling.">solution heat treating</span> and artificial aging.</p> </div> </td> </tr> @@ -785,7 +929,7 @@ <li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Poor, especially to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in T6 temper. Requires coating/anodizing for most applications. T73/T76 tempers improve SCC resistance but reduce strength.</li> <li><span class="term">Thermal Conductivity</span>: 130 W/m·K.</li> <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Fair to good in T6 condition, produces small chips.</li> -<li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Poor (prone to hot cracking), generally not recommended for fusion welding. Resistance welding is possible but limited.</li> +<li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Poor (prone to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Cracking that occurs in the weld metal or heat-affected zone during solidification or shortly after.">hot cracking</span>), generally not recommended for fusion welding. Resistance welding is possible but limited.</li> <li><span class="term">Strength-to-Weight Ratio:</span> Excellent.</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> @@ -793,7 +937,7 @@ <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> <p>High susceptibility to SCC in T6 temper, especially in marine/humid environments. Strength degrades significantly above ~120-150°C sustained temperature. Poor weldability limits fabrication options.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> -<p>Age-hardenable (Zn, Mg, Cu precipitates). Limited formability in T6 condition; best formed in annealed (O) or W (solution treated) temper then aged. Overaging tempers (e.g., T73, T76) improve SCC resistance but reduce peak strength.</p> +<p>Age-hardenable (Zn, Mg, Cu precipitates). Limited formability in T6 condition; best formed in annealed (O) or W (solution treated) temper then aged. <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A heat treatment involving aging beyond peak hardness to improve other properties like toughness or SCC resistance.">Overaging</span> tempers (e.g., T73, T76) improve SCC resistance but reduce peak strength.</p> </div> </td> </tr> @@ -823,7 +967,7 @@ <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Aircraft fuselage and wing structures (skins, tension members), rivets, truck wheels, structural components requiring good fatigue resistance.</p> <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> -<p>Susceptible to SCC, especially in older tempers or when improperly heat treated. Fatigue notch sensitivity requires careful design. Strength degrades significantly above ~120-150°C.</p> +<p>Susceptible to SCC, especially in older tempers or when improperly heat treated. <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Measure of how sensitive a material is to notches or geometric discontinuities, affecting fatigue life.">Fatigue notch sensitivity</span> requires careful design. Strength degrades significantly above ~120-150°C.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> <p>Age-hardenable (Cu, Mg precipitates). Good formability in annealed (O) condition, fair in T3/T4 (T3 is solution heat treated, cold worked, and naturally aged; T4 is solution heat treated and naturally aged). Natural aging occurs at room temperature after solution treatment.</p> </div> @@ -873,7 +1017,7 @@ <li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Exceptional in many environments (seawater, chlorides, oxidizing acids) due to stable passive oxide layer.</li> <li><span class="term">Thermal Conductivity</span>: 6.7 W/m·K (Very Low).</li> <li><span class="term">Electrical Conductivity</span>: ~1% IACS (Very Low).</li> -<li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Difficult (galling, work hardening, low thermal conductivity). Requires rigid setups, sharp tools (carbide or ceramic), slow speeds, high feed rates, copious specialized coolant.</li> +<li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Difficult (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A type of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces, common when machining sticky materials.">galling</span>, work hardening, low thermal conductivity). Requires rigid setups, sharp tools (carbide or ceramic), slow speeds, high feed rates, copious specialized coolant.</li> <li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good with proper inert gas shielding (argon or helium) to prevent oxygen/nitrogen contamination. Post-weld stress relief often needed.</li> <li><span class="term">Strength-to-Weight Ratio</span>: Excellent, retains strength at moderately elevated temperatures (up to ~300-400°C).</li> </ul> @@ -908,12 +1052,12 @@ <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Fair (better than Ti-6Al-4V but still challenging due to galling and work hardening).</li> <li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Excellent with inert gas shielding.</li> <li><span class="term">Formability</span>: Good, best among titanium grades, especially at slightly elevated temperatures.</li> -<li><span class="term">Biocompatibility:</span> Excellent.</li> +<li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="The property of a material being compatible with living tissue or a living system by not being toxic, injurious, or physiologically reactive and not causing immunological rejection.">Biocompatibility:</span> Excellent.</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Chemical processing equipment (heat exchangers, tanks, piping), marine hardware, desalination plants, biomedical devices (surgical instruments, some implants), airframe components (low stress, e.g., ducting), architectural applications.</p> <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> -<p>Lower strength than alloys like Ti-6Al-4V. Susceptible to crevice corrosion in some reducing acids without palladium addition (Gr 7/11). Risk of ignition in pure, high-pressure oxygen environments. Strength drops significantly above ~300°C.</p> +<p>Lower strength than alloys like Ti-6Al-4V. Susceptible to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Localized corrosion occurring in narrow gaps or crevices between metal surfaces or between metal and non-metal surfaces.">crevice corrosion</span> in some reducing acids without palladium addition (Gr 7/11). Risk of ignition in pure, high-pressure oxygen environments. Strength drops significantly above ~300°C.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> <p>Not heat treatable for strength. Properties primarily controlled by cold work and annealing. Readily welded and formed. Stress relief annealing may be needed after significant cold work.</p> </div> @@ -965,7 +1109,7 @@ <li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Good atmospheric and water corrosion resistance. Tarnishes in sulfurous atmospheres.</li> <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Poor (gummy, long chips).</li> <li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Fair (brazing/soldering preferred). Susceptible to cracking with some fusion welding processes.</li> -<li><span class="term">Antimicrobial</span>: Natural biocidal properties.</li> +<li><span class="term">Antimicrobial</span>: Natural <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.">biocidal</span> properties.</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Electrical conductors (wires, busbars, contacts), heat exchangers (radiators, condensers), plumbing tubes, gaskets, roofing sheet.</p> @@ -995,7 +1139,7 @@ <ul> <li><span class="term">Electrical Conductivity</span>: ~26% IACS.</li> <li><span class="term">Thermal Conductivity</span>: 115 W/m·K.</li> -<li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Good, but susceptible to dezincification in acidic or high-chloride water. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in ammonia.</li> +<li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Good, but susceptible to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Selective leaching of zinc from brass alloys, leaving a porous copper-rich residue.">dezincification</span> in acidic or high-chloride water. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in ammonia.</li> <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Excellent (standard for 100% machinability rating due to lead content forming small chips).</li> <li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Fair (brazing/soldering good). Fusion welding is difficult due to lead.</li> </ul> @@ -1027,7 +1171,7 @@ <ul> <li><span class="term">Electrical Conductivity</span>: ~7-13% IACS.</li> <li><span class="term">Thermal Conductivity</span>: 38-59 W/m·K.</li> -<li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Excellent in seawater, brackish water, and many industrial environments; good anti-fouling and resistance to cavitation/erosion.</li> +<li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Excellent in seawater, brackish water, and many industrial environments; good anti-fouling and resistance to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Formation of vapor bubbles in a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapor pressure, and the sudden collapse of these bubbles.">cavitation</span>/erosion.</li> <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Fair to good (produces tough, stringy chips).</li> <li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good with appropriate consumables and procedures (e.g., GTAW, GMAW). Post-weld heat treatment may be needed.</li> <li><span class="term">Wear Resistance & Strength:</span> Good, especially at moderately elevated temperatures. Non-sparking.</li> @@ -1035,7 +1179,7 @@ <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Marine propellers, pump impellers and bodies, valve seats and stems, bearings, gears, heavy-duty bushings, non-sparking tools, components for offshore platforms.</p> <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> -<p>Can be susceptible to dealuminification (selective leaching of aluminum) in some aggressive acidic or high-chloride environments if not properly heat treated or if a less resistant composition is used. Higher cost than common brasses/bronzes.</p> +<p>Can be susceptible to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Selective leaching of aluminum from aluminum bronzes in certain corrosive environments.">dealuminification</span> (selective leaching of aluminum) in some aggressive acidic or high-chloride environments if not properly heat treated or if a less resistant composition is used. Higher cost than common brasses/bronzes.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> <p>Heat treatable (quenching and tempering can optimize properties). Available in cast and wrought forms (e.g., extrusions, forgings). Good hot workability.</p> </div> @@ -1100,7 +1244,7 @@ <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> <p>Lower wear resistance than D2. Requires higher austenitizing temperatures than O1. Can be more challenging to grind than O1. Max service temp ~200-250°C.</p> <h6>Processing Considerations:</h6> -<p>Air hardening group provides less distortion than oil hardening. Requires careful heat treatment. Multiple tempers often used to optimize toughness. Surface treatments (nitriding, PVD) can further enhance wear resistance.</p> +<p>Air hardening group provides less distortion than oil hardening. Requires careful heat treatment. Multiple tempers often used to optimize toughness. Surface treatments (nitriding, <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Physical Vapor Deposition: A coating process to deposit thin films.">PVD</span>) can further enhance wear resistance.</p> </div> </td> </tr> @@ -1121,7 +1265,7 @@ <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> <p>Relatively brittle compared to A2 or O1, especially if not properly heat treated (requires higher austenitizing temps and careful tempering). Difficult to grind and machine. Susceptible to chipping in shock applications. Max service temp ~200-300°C.</p> <h6>Processing Considerations:</h6> -<p>Air hardening, can also be oil quenched in some sections but air preferred for stability. Requires careful grinding post-HT using appropriate wheels. Multiple tempers often required. Cryogenic treatment can improve wear resistance and dimensional stability.</p> +<p>Air hardening, can also be oil quenched in some sections but air preferred for stability. Requires careful grinding post-HT using appropriate wheels. Multiple tempers often required. <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Cooling to very low (cryogenic) temperatures to improve wear resistance and dimensional stability.">Cryogenic treatment</span> can improve wear resistance and dimensional stability.</p> </div> </td> </tr> @@ -1164,7 +1308,7 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="details-inco718"> <h6>Key Performance:</h6> <ul> -<li><span class="term">High-Temp Strength</span>: Excellent creep and stress-rupture strength up to ~700°C.</li> +<li><span class="term">High-Temp Strength</span>: Excellent creep and <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="The ability of a material to withstand a constant load at elevated temperature without fracturing over time.">stress-rupture strength</span> up to ~700°C.</li> <li><span class="term">Corrosion Resistance</span>: Excellent in many harsh environments, including resistance to oxidation and some acidic conditions.</li> <li><span class="term">Weldability</span>: Good for a superalloy, especially resistant to post-weld cracking compared to other precipitation-hardened superalloys.</li> <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Difficult (high work hardening rate, low thermal conductivity, tough chips). Requires specialized tools, rigid setups, slow speeds.</li> @@ -1172,9 +1316,9 @@ <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Gas turbine engine components (discs, blades, shafts, casings), aerospace fasteners, nuclear reactor components, rocket motors, cryogenic tankage, turbocharger rotors, chemical processing equipment.</p> <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> -<p>Extremely difficult to machine. Requires specialized processing (vacuum induction melting, electroslag remelting, controlled forging). Susceptible to strain-age cracking during post-weld heat treatment if not properly managed. High cost.</p> +<p>Extremely difficult to machine. Requires specialized processing (vacuum induction melting, <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A secondary melting process for refining metals and alloys.">electroslag remelting</span>, controlled forging). Susceptible to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Cracking that occurs during post-weld heat treatment due to precipitation and stress relaxation.">strain-age cracking</span> during post-weld heat treatment if not properly managed. High cost.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> -<p>Precipitation hardenable (primarily by γ'' - Ni₃Nb). Typically solution treated and aged. Welding requires specific procedures (e.g., TIG, EBW) and often post-weld heat treatment. Forging requires tight temperature control.</p> +<p>Precipitation hardenable (primarily by γ'' - Ni₃Nb). Typically solution treated and aged. Welding requires specific procedures (e.g., TIG, <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Electron Beam Welding: A fusion welding process.">EBW</span>) and often post-weld heat treatment. Forging requires tight temperature control.</p> </div> </td> </tr> @@ -1195,14 +1339,14 @@ <h6>Key Performance:</h6> <ul> <li><span class="term">High-Temp Strength</span>: Good, primarily used for its excellent oxidation resistance rather than highest strength. Retains ductility after prolonged high-temp exposure.</li> -<li><span class="term">Oxidation Resistance</span>: Outstanding up to ~1200°C due to formation of a protective oxide scale. Good resistance to carburization and nitriding.</li> +<li><span class="term">Oxidation Resistance</span>: Outstanding up to ~1200°C due to formation of a protective oxide scale. Good resistance to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Diffusion of carbon into a material, often at high temperatures.">carburization</span> and <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Diffusion of nitrogen into a material, often for surface hardening.">nitriding</span>.</li> <li><span class="term">Fabricability</span>: Good for a superalloy (forming, welding).</li> <li><span class="term">Machinability</span>: Difficult, similar challenges to other nickel-based superalloys.</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Gas turbine combustors and afterburner components (cans, ducting, flame holders), industrial furnace parts (muffles, retorts, radiant tubes), chemical process industry components requiring high-temp oxidation resistance and resistance to stress corrosion cracking.</p> <h6>Critical Limitations:</h6> -<p>Not as strong as precipitation-hardened superalloys like Inconel 718 at moderate temperatures (below ~700°C). Subject to aging embrittlement (loss of ductility) after long exposures in the 650-900°C range if not carefully considered in design. Very high cost.</p> +<p>Not as strong as precipitation-hardened superalloys like Inconel 718 at moderate temperatures (below ~700°C). Subject to <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Loss of ductility that occurs in some alloys after prolonged exposure to certain temperature ranges.">aging embrittlement</span> (loss of ductility) after long exposures in the 650-900°C range if not carefully considered in design. Very high cost.</p> <h6>Processing:</h6> <p>Solid-solution strengthened (not precipitation hardenable). Typically used in the solution annealed condition. Readily welded (TIG, MIG, resistance) and formed using techniques for Ni-based alloys. Careful cleaning is essential before heating.</p> </div> @@ -1220,7 +1364,7 @@ <div class="card emerging-material-card h-100"> <div class="card-header"><i class="bi bi-car-front-fill"></i> Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS)</div> <div class="card-body"> -<p class="card-text">AHSS are complex, sophisticated steels with carefully controlled microstructures (e.g., martensitic, bainitic, ferritic with embedded hard phases like martensite in Dual Phase - DP steels, or retained austenite in TRIP steels). They offer significantly higher strength (typically >550 MPa yield) compared to conventional steels, allowing for weight reduction in components without compromising safety or performance.</p> +<p class="card-text">AHSS are complex, sophisticated steels with carefully controlled microstructures (e.g., <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A very hard and brittle phase in steel formed by rapid cooling of austenite.">martensitic</span>, <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A microstructure in steel consisting of ferrite and cementite, formed at temperatures between pearlite and martensite.">bainitic</span>, <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A soft, ductile phase in steel consisting mainly of body-centered cubic (BCC) iron.">ferritic</span> with embedded hard phases like martensite in Dual Phase - DP steels, or retained austenite in TRIP steels). They offer significantly higher strength (typically >550 MPa yield) compared to conventional steels, allowing for weight reduction in components without compromising safety or performance.</p> <h6>Key Characteristics:</h6> <ul> <li>High strength-to-weight ratio</li> @@ -1230,7 +1374,7 @@ <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Automotive body structures (pillars, rails, bumpers, door intrusion beams), chassis components, agricultural equipment.</p> <h6>Considerations:</h6> -<p>Weldability can be challenging (requires specific procedures), springback during forming, higher cost than conventional steels.</p> +<p>Weldability can be challenging (requires specific procedures), <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Elastic recovery of a material after forming, leading to dimensional changes.">springback</span> during forming, higher cost than conventional steels.</p> </div> </div> </div> @@ -1261,14 +1405,14 @@ <h6>Key Characteristics:</h6> <ul> <li>Very high strength and hardness (often exceeding crystalline counterparts)</li> -<li>Excellent elasticity (high elastic strain limit)</li> +<li>Excellent elasticity (high <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="The maximum strain a material can endure without permanent deformation.">elastic strain limit</span>)</li> <li>Good corrosion and wear resistance</li> <li>Unique magnetic properties (soft or hard, depending on composition)</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Transformer cores (low energy loss), sporting equipment (golf clubs, baseball bats), consumer electronics casings (watches, phones), medical implants and surgical tools, precision molds, wear-resistant coatings.</p> <h6>Considerations:</h6> -<p>Limited size/thickness due to rapid cooling requirement (though bulk metallic glasses - BMGs - are improving this), can be brittle in tension, specialized processing, higher cost.</p> +<p>Limited size/thickness due to rapid cooling requirement (though <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Bulk Metallic Glasses: Amorphous metals that can be cast into larger cross-sections.">BMGs</span> - are improving this), can be brittle in tension, specialized processing, higher cost.</p> </div> </div> </div> @@ -1276,14 +1420,14 @@ <div class="card emerging-material-card h-100"> <div class="card-header"><i class="bi bi-shuffle"></i> High Entropy Alloys (HEAs)</div> <div class="card-body"> -<p class="card-text">HEAs are a newer class of alloys typically composed of five or more principal elements in relatively equal or near-equal atomic percentages (5-35 at.% each). This high configurational entropy can lead to the formation of simple solid-solution phases (e.g., FCC, BCC) instead of complex intermetallics, offering unique property combinations.</p> +<p class="card-text">HEAs are a newer class of alloys typically composed of five or more principal elements in relatively equal or near-equal atomic percentages (5-35 at.% each). This high <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Entropy related to the number of ways atoms can be arranged in a mixture; high in HEAs, favoring simple solid solutions.">configurational entropy</span> can lead to the formation of simple solid-solution phases (e.g., FCC, BCC) instead of complex <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Compounds with specific crystal structures and fixed stoichiometric proportions of metallic elements.">intermetallics</span>, offering unique property combinations.</p> <h6>Key Characteristics:</h6> <ul> <li>High strength and hardness</li> <li>Good ductility and toughness (in some systems)</li> <li>Excellent wear and corrosion resistance</li> <li>Good thermal stability and high-temperature strength</li> -<li>Potential for exceptional fatigue resistance and radiation tolerance.</li> +<li>Potential for exceptional fatigue resistance and <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Ability of a material to withstand degradation from radiation exposure.">radiation tolerance</span>.</li> </ul> <h6>Primary Applications:</h6> <p>Still largely in research & development, but potential uses include: high-temperature structural components (aerospace, power generation), wear-resistant coatings, cryogenic applications, biomedical implants, catalysts, nuclear reactor materials.</p> @@ -1362,7 +1506,7 @@ <div class="card-header">High Hardness / Wear Resistance Critical:</div> <ul class="list-group list-group-flush"> <li class="list-group-item">1. <span class="term">Tool Steels (D2, A2, O1 - hardened)</span> (dies, cutters, wear parts)</li> -<li class="list-group-item">2. <span class="term">Hardened Alloy Steels (e.g., 4140, 4340 - nitrided or case hardened)</span></li> +<li class="list-group-item">2. <span class="term">Hardened Alloy Steels (e.g., 4140, 4340 - <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A surface hardening process where nitrogen is diffused into the steel.">nitrided</span> or <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Hardening the surface layer of a metal while keeping the core softer and tougher.">case hardened</span>)</span></li> <li class="list-group-item">3. <span class="term">Nickel-Aluminum Bronze (C63000)</span> (bearings, gears)</li> <li class="list-group-item">4. <span class="term">Amorphous Metals (Metallic Glasses)</span> (coatings, precision parts)</li> <li class="list-group-item">5. <span class="term">MMCs (with ceramic reinforcement)</span> (specialized wear components)</li> @@ -1385,7 +1529,7 @@ <li><span class="term">Martensitic Stainless Steels (e.g., 400 series hardened):</span> Require pre/post heat.</li> <li><span class="term">Titanium Alloys:</span> Require inert gas shielding for all heated zones to prevent contamination.</li> <li><span class="term">Superalloys:</span> Often require specialized techniques, consumables, controlled atmospheres, and are prone to cracking.</li> -<li><span class="term">Some AHSS:</span> Can have narrow welding windows and HAZ softening concerns.</li> +<li><span class="term">Some AHSS:</span> Can have narrow welding windows and HAZ (<span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Heat Affected Zone: The area of base material, not melted during welding, but whose microstructure and properties were altered by the heat.">Heat Affected Zone</span>) softening concerns.</li> </ul> </li> <li>⚠️ <span class="term">Galvanic Corrosion Risk - Dissimilar Metal Contact:</span> @@ -1393,7 +1537,7 @@ <li><span class="term">Aluminum + Steel/Stainless Steel/Copper:</span> Aluminum will corrode preferentially. Isolation required.</li> <li><span class="term">Titanium + Steel/Aluminum:</span> Steel/Aluminum will corrode. Isolation often needed.</li> <li><span class="term">Carbon Steel + Stainless Steel:</span> Carbon steel corrodes.</li> -<li>Always consult a galvanic series chart for specific environment and potential difference.</li> +<li>Always consult a <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A series ranking metals by their tendency to corrode in a specific electrolyte.">galvanic series</span> chart for specific environment and potential difference.</li> </ul> </li> <li>⚠️ <span class="term">Hydrogen Embrittlement Risk:</span> @@ -1406,12 +1550,12 @@ <li>⚠️ <span class="term">Critical Heat Treatment Requirements:</span> <ul> <li>All heat-treatable alloys (<span class="term">Alloy Steels, PH Stainless, Al Alloys (2xxx, 6xxx, 7xxx), Ti Alloys, Tool Steels, Superalloys</span>) require precise temperature control, soak times, and quench/aging parameters to achieve desired properties. Deviations can lead to drastically reduced performance or failure.</li> -<li><span class="term">Austenitic Stainless Steels (304, 316):</span> Can be sensitized (loss of corrosion resistance at grain boundaries) if heated in ~450-850°C range (e.g., during welding without L-grade or stabilization).</li> +<li><span class="term">Austenitic Stainless Steels (304, 316):</span> Can be <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="Precipitation of chromium carbides at grain boundaries in stainless steels, reducing corrosion resistance.">sensitized</span> (loss of corrosion resistance at grain boundaries) if heated in ~450-850°C range (e.g., during welding without L-grade or stabilization).</li> </ul> </li> <li>⚠️ <span class="term">Machinability Challenges:</span> <ul> -<li><span class="term">Titanium Alloys:</span> Low thermal conductivity, galling, work hardening, reactivity.</li> +<li><span class="term">Titanium Alloys:</span> Low thermal conductivity, <span class="term-tooltip" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="A type of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces, common when machining sticky materials.">galling</span>, work hardening, reactivity.</li> <li><span class="term">Superalloys:</span> Extreme work hardening, high strength at cutting temps, abrasive phases.</li> <li><span class="term">Austenitic Stainless Steels:</span> High work hardening rate, gummy chips.</li> <li><span class="term">Tool Steels (Hardened):</span> Very difficult, often requires grinding or specialized hard machining.</li> @@ -1440,6 +1584,7 @@ <a class="mx-2 link-secondary" href="https://cheatsheets.davidveksler.com/" title="Browse All Cheatsheets"> <i class="bi bi-collection"></i> All Cheatsheets </a> + <p class="mt-2">Copyright © <span id="currentYear"></span> David Veksler. All rights reserved.</p> </div> </footer> <!-- Bootstrap JS Bundle (Popper.js included) --> @@ -1447,7 +1592,10 @@ <script> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { // Set current year in footer - document.getElementById('currentYear').textContent = new Date().getFullYear(); + const currentYearSpan = document.getElementById('currentYear'); + if (currentYearSpan) { + currentYearSpan.textContent = new Date().getFullYear(); + } // Search functionality const searchInput = document.getElementById('searchInput'); @@ -1456,7 +1604,7 @@ searchInput.addEventListener('keyup', function () { const searchTerm = searchInput.value.toLowerCase().trim(); - const allSearchableSections = contentToSearch.querySelectorAll('section[data-section-id], .intro-section .accordion-item, .emerging-material-card'); + const allSearchableSections = contentToSearch.querySelectorAll('section[data-section-id], .intro-section .accordion-item, .terminology-section .accordion-item, .emerging-material-card'); allSearchableSections.forEach(section => { let sectionContainsTerm = false; @@ -1465,6 +1613,16 @@ if (section.tagName === 'SECTION' && section.querySelector('.metal-table tbody')) { section.querySelectorAll('.metal-table tbody tr').forEach(row => row.style.display = ''); } + // Ensure accordion bodies are also reset if they were part of search + if (section.classList.contains('accordion-item')) { + const button = section.querySelector('.accordion-button'); + const collapse = section.querySelector('.accordion-collapse'); + if (button && collapse && button.classList.contains('collapsed')) { + // Leave collapsed if it was already collapsed + } else if (button && collapse) { + // No specific action needed if showing all, default state applies + } + } } else { if (section.tagName === 'SECTION' && section.querySelector('.metal-table tbody')) { const rows = section.querySelectorAll('.metal-table tbody tr'); @@ -1479,70 +1637,64 @@ } }); sectionContainsTerm = tableSectionHasMatch; - } else { + } else { // For accordion items or cards const textContent = section.textContent.toLowerCase(); if (textContent.includes(searchTerm)) { sectionContainsTerm = true; + // If it's an accordion item and it matches, ensure it's expanded + if (section.classList.contains('accordion-item')) { + const button = section.querySelector('.accordion-button'); + const collapse = section.querySelector('.accordion-collapse'); + if (button && collapse && button.classList.contains('collapsed')) { + // new bootstrap.Collapse(collapse).show(); // Showing might be too aggressive, let user click if desired. Displaying is enough. + } + } } } section.style.display = sectionContainsTerm ? '' : 'none'; } }); - const introSection = document.getElementById('beginner-guides'); - if (searchTerm !== "") { - const anyIntroVisible = Array.from(introSection.querySelectorAll('.accordion-item')).some(item => item.style.display !== 'none'); - introSection.style.display = anyIntroVisible ? '' : 'none'; - // Also ensure the main title of the intro section is visible if any of its content is - const introSectionTitle = introSection.querySelector('.section-title'); - if(introSectionTitle) introSectionTitle.style.display = anyIntroVisible ? '' : 'none'; - } else { - introSection.style.display = ''; - const introSectionTitle = introSection.querySelector('.section-title'); - if(introSectionTitle) introSectionTitle.style.display = ''; - } + // Handle visibility of parent sections (Beginner's Guide, Terminology Guide) + ['beginner-guides', 'terminology-guide'].forEach(parentId => { + const parentSection = document.getElementById(parentId); + if (parentSection) { + if (searchTerm !== "") { + const anyChildVisible = Array.from(parentSection.querySelectorAll('.accordion-item')).some(item => item.style.display !== 'none'); + parentSection.style.display = anyChildVisible ? '' : 'none'; + const parentSectionTitle = parentSection.querySelector('.section-title'); + if(parentSectionTitle) parentSectionTitle.style.display = anyChildVisible ? '' : 'none'; + } else { + parentSection.style.display = ''; + const parentSectionTitle = parentSection.querySelector('.section-title'); + if(parentSectionTitle) parentSectionTitle.style.display = ''; + } + } + }); document.querySelectorAll('section[data-section-id]').forEach(mainSection => { const mainSectionTitle = mainSection.querySelector('h2.section-title'); if(mainSectionTitle){ - const contentVisible = Array.from(mainSection.querySelectorAll('.metal-table tbody tr, .emerging-material-card .card-body, .matrix-section .card')).some(el => el.style.display !== 'none'); + const contentVisible = Array.from(mainSection.querySelectorAll('.metal-table tbody tr, .emerging-material-card .card-body, .matrix-section .card .list-group-item')).some(el => el.style.display !== 'none' || (el.closest('.card') && el.closest('.card').style.display !== 'none')); if (searchTerm === "" || contentVisible) { mainSectionTitle.style.display = ''; - mainSection.style.display = ''; // Ensure section itself is visible + mainSection.style.display = ''; } else { - // If no content is visible within this specific main section (and it's not the intro) - // then hide the title and the section (unless it's a special section like matrix/warnings that might be shown independently) - if(mainSection.id !== 'selection-matrix' && mainSection.id !== 'processing-warnings' && mainSection.id !== 'emerging-materials' && mainSection.id !== 'beginner-guides'){ + if(mainSection.id !== 'selection-matrix' && mainSection.id !== 'processing-warnings' && mainSection.id !== 'emerging-materials' && mainSection.id !== 'beginner-guides' && mainSection.id !== 'terminology-guide'){ mainSectionTitle.style.display = 'none'; mainSection.style.display = 'none'; - } else if (mainSection.id === 'emerging-materials' || mainSection.id === 'selection-matrix' || mainSection.id === 'processing-warnings') { - // For these specific sections, if their direct content (cards) are hidden, hide title too - const directContentVisible = Array.from(mainSection.querySelectorAll('.card')).some(card => card.style.display !== 'none'); + } else if (['emerging-materials', 'selection-matrix', 'processing-warnings'].includes(mainSection.id)) { + const directContentVisible = Array.from(mainSection.querySelectorAll('.card')).some(card => card.style.display !== 'none' && card.textContent.toLowerCase().includes(searchTerm) ); mainSectionTitle.style.display = directContentVisible ? '' : 'none'; - mainSection.style.display = directContentVisible ? '' : 'none'; // Hide whole section if all its cards are hidden by search + mainSection.style.display = directContentVisible ? '' : 'none'; } } } }); - // Ensure selection matrix and warnings are visible if they match or search is empty - [document.getElementById('selection-matrix'), document.getElementById('processing-warnings')].forEach(utilitySection => { - if (utilitySection) { - let utilitySectionHasMatch = false; - if (searchTerm === "") { - utilitySectionHasMatch = true; - } else { - utilitySectionHasMatch = utilitySection.textContent.toLowerCase().includes(searchTerm); - } - utilitySection.style.display = utilitySectionHasMatch ? '' : 'none'; - const utilityTitle = utilitySection.querySelector('h2.section-title'); - if(utilityTitle) utilityTitle.style.display = utilitySectionHasMatch ? '' : 'none'; - } - }); - - }); + // Initialize tooltips var tooltipTriggerList = [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('[data-bs-toggle="tooltip"]')); var tooltipList = tooltipTriggerList.map(function (tooltipTriggerEl) { return new bootstrap.Tooltip(tooltipTriggerEl);