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--- a/medical-school-curriculum.html +++ b/medical-school-curriculum.html @@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ <header class="page-header"> <h1><i class="bi bi-journal-richtext" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-title="A comprehensive overview of the Medical School Curriculum."></i> Medical School Curriculum Cheatsheet</h1> <p class="lead"> - An interactive guide to the structured framework for educating physicians, integrating scientific foundations with clinical knowledge and skills for comprehensive medical practice. + An interactive guide to the structured framework for educating physicians, integrating <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Fundamental scientific principles underpinning medicine.">scientific foundations</span> with <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Knowledge related to patient diagnosis and treatment.">clinical knowledge</span> and skills for comprehensive medical practice. </p> </header> @@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-diagram-3-fill"></i> A. Anatomy</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The study of body structure from gross to microscopic levels, providing the spatial framework for understanding physical examination, imaging, and surgical approaches. Includes developmental aspects that explain congenital anomalies. + The study of body structure from <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Structures visible to the naked eye.">gross</span> to <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Structures requiring a microscope to be seen.">microscopic</span> levels, providing the spatial framework for understanding physical examination, imaging, and surgical approaches. Includes developmental aspects that explain <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Birth defects or structural abnormalities present at birth.">congenital anomalies</span>. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseAnatomy" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseAnatomy"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -541,30 +541,30 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseAnatomy"> <h6>Gross Anatomy</h6> <ul> - <li>Complete musculoskeletal system</li> - <li>Cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, nervous systems</li> + <li>Complete <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The body's framework of bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints.">musculoskeletal system</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Heart, blood vessels, and blood; transports nutrients and oxygen.">Cardiovascular</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Lungs and airways; responsible for breathing and gas exchange.">respiratory</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Organs involved in food breakdown and nutrient absorption.">digestive</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Organs involved in sexual reproduction.">reproductive</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls body functions.">nervous systems</span></li> <li>Spatial relationships between organs</li> - <li>Surface anatomy landmarks</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Anatomical features visible or palpable on the body's surface, used for orientation.">Surface anatomy landmarks</span></li> </ul> <h6>Neuroanatomy</h6> <ul> - <li>Brain structures, cranial nerves, spinal cord</li> - <li>Autonomic nervous system</li> - <li>Vascular supply</li> - <li>Functional pathways</li> + <li>Brain structures, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Twelve pairs of nerves originating directly from the brain.">cranial nerves</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Bundle of nervous tissue extending from the brain, transmitting signals.">spinal cord</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Part of the nervous system controlling involuntary actions like heart rate and digestion.">Autonomic nervous system</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Network of blood vessels supplying tissues with oxygen and nutrients.">Vascular supply</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Neural circuits responsible for specific neurological functions.">Functional pathways</span></li> </ul> <h6>Histology</h6> <ul> - <li>Tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, neural)</li> + <li>Tissue types (<span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tissue covering body surfaces and lining cavities.">epithelial</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tissue supporting, connecting, or separating other tissues/organs.">connective</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tissue specialized for contraction and movement.">muscle</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tissue composing the nervous system, for signal transmission.">neural</span>)</li> <li>Microscopic organ structure</li> - <li>Cellular organization patterns</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The arrangement and interaction of cells within tissues.">Cellular organization patterns</span></li> </ul> <h6>Embryology</h6> <ul> - <li>Germ layer development</li> - <li>Organogenesis</li> - <li>Congenital malformations</li> - <li>Developmental timelines</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Formation of primary cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) in early embryonic development.">Germ layer development</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The process of organ formation during embryonic development.">Organogenesis</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Physical defects present at birth.">Congenital malformations</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Sequence and timing of key stages in embryonic and fetal development.">Developmental timelines</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-share-fill"></i> B. Biochemistry</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The study of chemical processes within living organisms, focusing on molecular pathways that maintain homeostasis and can be disrupted in disease. Provides the foundation for understanding metabolism, nutrition, and pharmacological mechanisms. + The study of chemical processes within living organisms, focusing on molecular pathways that maintain <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.">homeostasis</span> and can be disrupted in disease. Provides the foundation for understanding <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The sum of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life.">metabolism</span>, nutrition, and <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How drugs exert their effects on the body.">pharmacological mechanisms</span>. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseBiochemistry" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseBiochemistry"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -591,33 +591,33 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseBiochemistry"> <h6>Metabolism</h6> <ul> - <li>Glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain</li> - <li>Gluconeogenesis, glycogen metabolism</li> - <li>Fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis</li> - <li>Amino acid metabolism</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Metabolic pathway converting glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy.">Glycolysis</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle: series of reactions releasing stored energy from carbohydrates, fats, proteins.">TCA cycle</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Series of protein complexes that transfer electrons to generate ATP (energy).">electron transport chain</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Metabolic pathway generating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.">Gluconeogenesis</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Processes of glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) and breakdown (glycogenolysis).">glycogen metabolism</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Breakdown of fatty acids to produce energy.">Fatty acid oxidation</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Production of ketone bodies from fatty acid breakdown.">ketogenesis</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Biochemical processes for synthesis and degradation of amino acids.">Amino acid metabolism</span></li> </ul> <h6>Enzyme Kinetics</h6> <ul> - <li>Michaelis-Menten kinetics</li> - <li>Inhibition patterns</li> - <li>Allosteric regulation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Model describing the rate of enzymatic reactions based on substrate concentration.">Michaelis-Menten kinetics</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ways enzyme inhibitors affect reaction rates (e.g., competitive, non-competitive).">Inhibition patterns</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Regulation of an enzyme by a molecule binding at a site other than the active site.">Allosteric regulation</span></li> </ul> <h6>Nutrition</h6> <ul> - <li>Macronutrients, micronutrients</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Nutrients needed in large amounts (carbohydrates, proteins, fats).">Macronutrients</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts.">micronutrients</span></li> <li>Metabolic requirements</li> - <li>Deficiency disorders</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diseases caused by lack of essential nutrients.">Deficiency disorders</span></li> </ul> <h6>Molecular Biology</h6> <ul> - <li>DNA replication, transcription, translation</li> - <li>Post-translational modifications</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Process of copying a DNA molecule.">DNA replication</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Process of creating an RNA copy from a DNA template.">transcription</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Process of synthesizing protein from an mRNA template.">translation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Chemical modifications to proteins after synthesis, affecting their function.">Post-translational modifications</span></li> </ul> <h6>Cell Signaling</h6> <ul> - <li>Receptor types</li> - <li>Second messenger systems</li> - <li>Signal transduction pathways</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Proteins that bind signaling molecules to initiate a cellular response.">Receptor types</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Intracellular molecules that relay signals from cell surface receptors.">Second messenger systems</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Series of molecular events relaying a signal within a cell, leading to a response.">Signal transduction pathways</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-lungs-fill"></i> C. Physiology</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The study of normal organ system function and regulatory mechanisms that maintain the body's internal environment. Provides the basis for understanding pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions across all medical specialties. + The study of normal organ system function and regulatory mechanisms that maintain the body's internal environment. Provides the basis for understanding <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The study of disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury.">pathophysiology</span> and therapeutic interventions across all medical specialties. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapsePhysiology" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapsePhysiology"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -644,45 +644,45 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapsePhysiology"> <h6>Cardiovascular</h6> <ul> - <li>Cardiac cycle, ECG interpretation</li> - <li>Blood pressure regulation</li> - <li>Hemodynamics, microcirculation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The sequence of mechanical and electrical events in one heartbeat.">Cardiac cycle</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Analysis of the electrocardiogram to detect heart abnormalities.">ECG interpretation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Physiological mechanisms maintaining stable blood pressure.">Blood pressure regulation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The study of blood flow and its physical principles.">Hemodynamics</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Blood circulation in the smallest vessels (capillaries, arterioles, venules).">microcirculation</span></li> </ul> <h6>Respiratory</h6> <ul> - <li>Ventilation mechanics</li> - <li>Gas exchange</li> - <li>Acid-base balance</li> - <li>Control of respiration</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The physical processes involved in breathing.">Ventilation mechanics</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues.">Gas exchange</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Maintenance of pH balance in body fluids.">Acid-base balance</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Neural and chemical mechanisms that regulate breathing.">Control of respiration</span></li> </ul> <h6>Renal</h6> <ul> - <li>Glomerular filtration</li> - <li>Tubular reabsorption/secretion</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Initial filtration of blood by the kidney's glomeruli.">Glomerular filtration</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Processes in kidney tubules where substances are moved between filtrate and blood.">Tubular reabsorption/secretion</span></li> <li>Acid-base regulation</li> - <li>Water/electrolyte balance</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Maintenance of proper water and salt concentrations in the body.">Water/electrolyte balance</span></li> </ul> <h6>Gastrointestinal</h6> <ul> - <li>Motility, secretion, digestion, absorption</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Movement of food through the digestive tract.">Motility</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Release of substances (e.g., enzymes, mucus) aiding digestion.">secretion</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Breakdown of food into absorbable components.">digestion</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Uptake of nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.">absorption</span></li> <li>Liver function</li> </ul> <h6>Endocrine</h6> <ul> - <li>Hormone synthesis, regulation</li> - <li>Receptor mechanisms</li> - <li>Feedback systems</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Production and control of hormones.">Hormone synthesis, regulation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How hormones bind to receptors and initiate cellular responses.">Receptor mechanisms</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Regulatory loops where a product influences its own production (e.g., negative feedback).">Feedback systems</span></li> </ul> <h6>Reproductive</h6> <ul> - <li>Gametogenesis, menstrual cycle</li> - <li>Pregnancy physiology, parturition, lactation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Production of gametes (sperm and eggs).">Gametogenesis</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Monthly hormonal cycle in females preparing for potential pregnancy.">menstrual cycle</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Physiological changes during pregnancy, childbirth, and milk production.">Pregnancy physiology, parturition, lactation</span></li> </ul> <h6>Neurophysiology</h6> <ul> - <li>Action potentials, synaptic transmission</li> - <li>Sensory/motor integration</li> - <li>Higher functions</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Rapid electrical signals for nerve communication.">Action potentials</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Transmission of signals between neurons at synapses.">synaptic transmission</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Processing of sensory input and generation of motor output.">Sensory/motor integration</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Complex brain activities like cognition, memory, and language.">Higher functions</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-file-earmark-medical-fill"></i> D. Pathology</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The study of disease processes and their structural and functional manifestations. Bridges basic sciences with clinical medicine by explaining the mechanisms underlying symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory abnormalities. + The study of <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The mechanisms and development of disease.">disease processes</span> and their structural and functional manifestations. Bridges basic sciences with clinical medicine by explaining the mechanisms underlying symptoms, physical findings, and laboratory abnormalities. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapsePathology" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapsePathology"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -709,11 +709,11 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapsePathology"> <h6>General Pathology</h6> <ul> - <li>Cellular adaptation, injury, death</li> - <li>Inflammation, repair/regeneration</li> - <li>Hemodynamic disorders</li> - <li>Genetic disorders</li> - <li>Neoplasia</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Cellular responses to stress, leading to reversible or irreversible changes.">Cellular adaptation, injury, death</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Body's response to injury/infection and subsequent tissue healing.">Inflammation, repair/regeneration</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders of blood flow (e.g., edema, thrombosis, embolism, shock).">Hemodynamic disorders</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diseases caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes.">Genetic disorders</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Abnormal new growth of tissue, often forming a tumor.">Neoplasia</span></li> </ul> <h6>Systemic Pathology</h6> <ul> @@ -721,15 +721,15 @@ </ul> <h6>Histopathology</h6> <ul> - <li>Microscopic disease pattern recognition</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using microscopy to identify disease patterns in tissues.">Microscopic disease pattern recognition</span></li> </ul> <h6>Pathophysiology</h6> <ul> - <li>Mechanisms of disease development and progression</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury.">Mechanisms of disease development and progression</span></li> </ul> <h6>Laboratory Medicine</h6> <ul> - <li>Interpretation of pathological specimens and laboratory values</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Analyzing tissue samples and lab results to diagnose disease.">Interpretation of pathological specimens and laboratory values</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-capsule-pill"></i> E. Pharmacology</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The study of drug actions, clinical applications, and adverse effects. Provides the scientific basis for therapeutic decision-making, including drug selection, dosing, monitoring, and managing drug interactions and toxicities. + The study of <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How medications work in the body.">drug actions</span>, clinical applications, and <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Unintended and often harmful effects of drugs.">adverse effects</span>. Provides the scientific basis for therapeutic decision-making, including drug selection, dosing, monitoring, and managing drug interactions and toxicities. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapsePharmacology" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapsePharmacology"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -756,32 +756,32 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapsePharmacology"> <h6>Pharmacokinetics</h6> <ul> - <li>Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion</li> - <li>Drug half-lives</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How the body handles a drug: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.">Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Time taken for the drug concentration in the body to reduce by half.">Drug half-lives</span></li> </ul> <h6>Pharmacodynamics</h6> <ul> - <li>Receptor theory</li> - <li>Dose-response relationships</li> - <li>Therapeutic index</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How drugs interact with cellular receptors to produce effects.">Receptor theory</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Relationship between drug dosage and the intensity of its effect.">Dose-response relationships</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ratio of a drug's toxic dose to its therapeutic dose; a measure of safety.">Therapeutic index</span></li> </ul> <h6>Drug Classes</h6> <ul> <li>Complete knowledge of all major medication classes</li> - <li>Mechanisms, indications, adverse effects</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How drugs work, their uses, and potential harmful effects.">Mechanisms, indications, adverse effects</span></li> </ul> <h6>Antimicrobials</h6> <ul> - <li>Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitics</li> - <li>Mechanisms, resistance patterns</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Drugs that kill or inhibit bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.">Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitics</span></li> + <li>Mechanisms, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How microbes evolve to withstand antimicrobial drugs.">resistance patterns</span></li> </ul> <h6>Toxicology</h6> <ul> - <li>Poison mechanisms, antidotes, treatment protocols</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How poisons work, substances to counteract them, and treatment approaches.">Poison mechanisms, antidotes, treatment protocols</span></li> </ul> <h6>Pharmacogenomics</h6> <ul> - <li>Genetic variations affecting drug response</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Study of how an individual's genetic makeup affects their response to drugs.">Genetic variations affecting drug response</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-virus"></i> F. Microbiology</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The study of microorganisms and their interactions with human hosts. Provides the foundation for understanding infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. + The study of <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Organisms too small to be seen without a microscope (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi).">microorganisms</span> and their interactions with human hosts. Provides the foundation for understanding infectious disease <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The way a disease develops or originates.">pathogenesis</span>, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseMicrobiology" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseMicrobiology"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -809,32 +809,32 @@ <h6>Bacteriology</h6> <ul> <li>Classification, structure, pathogenesis</li> - <li>Virulence factors of medically relevant bacteria</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Bacterial components or products that contribute to their ability to cause disease.">Virulence factors</span> of medically relevant bacteria</li> </ul> <h6>Virology</h6> <ul> - <li>Viral structure, replication cycles</li> - <li>Pathogenesis, latency mechanisms</li> + <li>Viral structure, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The process by which viruses multiply within host cells.">replication cycles</span></li> + <li>Pathogenesis, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ability of a virus to remain dormant within a host before reactivating.">latency mechanisms</span></li> </ul> <h6>Mycology</h6> <ul> - <li>Fungal classification, pathogenic mechanisms</li> - <li>Invasive vs. superficial infections</li> + <li>Fungal classification, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How fungi cause disease.">pathogenic mechanisms</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Infections spreading deep into tissues/organs vs. those limited to skin/mucous membranes.">Invasive vs. superficial infections</span></li> </ul> <h6>Parasitology</h6> <ul> - <li>Life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis</li> - <li>Protozoa, helminths, ectoparasites</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Developmental stages of parasites, how they spread, and how they cause disease.">Life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Single-celled eukaryotic organisms.">Protozoa</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Parasitic worms.">helminths</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Parasites living on the host's exterior (e.g., lice, ticks).">ectoparasites</span></li> </ul> <h6>Diagnostic Microbiology</h6> <ul> - <li>Culture techniques, staining methods</li> - <li>Molecular diagnostics</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Methods to grow microbes in labs for identification.">Culture techniques</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Coloring microbes for microscopic viewing and differentiation.">staining methods</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Lab techniques analyzing genetic material (DNA/RNA) to identify microbes.">Molecular diagnostics</span></li> </ul> <h6>Infection Control</h6> <ul> - <li>Sterilization, disinfection, isolation protocols</li> - <li>Outbreak management</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Processes to kill all microbes vs. reduce harmful ones vs. separating infected patients.">Sterilization, disinfection, isolation protocols</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Strategies to investigate and control the spread of disease outbreaks.">Outbreak management</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-shield-check"></i> G. Immunology</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The study of immune system components and functions in health and disease. Explains host defense mechanisms, immunological disorders, and provides the basis for understanding vaccinology, transplantation, and immunotherapies. + The study of immune system components and functions in health and disease. Explains <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How the body protects itself against pathogens.">host defense mechanisms</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diseases caused by immune system dysfunction (e.g., autoimmunity, allergy).">immunological disorders</span>, and provides the basis for understanding <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The science of vaccine development and use.">vaccinology</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Medical procedures involving organ or tissue transplants.">transplantation</span>, and <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Treatments that use the immune system to fight disease (e.g., cancer).">immunotherapies</span>. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseImmunology" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseImmunology"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -861,37 +861,37 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseImmunology"> <h6>Innate Immunity</h6> <ul> - <li>Physical barriers, cellular components</li> - <li>Complement, inflammation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Body's first line of defense (e.g., skin, mucous membranes) and immune cells like phagocytes.">Physical barriers, cellular components</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="A system of proteins that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen's cell membrane.">Complement</span>, inflammation</li> </ul> <h6>Adaptive Immunity</h6> <ul> - <li>B-cell/T-cell development</li> - <li>Antigen presentation, antibody production</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Maturation process of key immune cells (B cells produce antibodies, T cells mediate cellular immunity).">B-cell/T-cell development</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How immune cells display foreign substances (antigens) for T-cell recognition, and how B-cells produce antibodies.">Antigen presentation, antibody production</span></li> </ul> <h6>Hypersensitivity Reactions</h6> <ul> - <li>Types I-IV mechanisms and clinical manifestations</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Exaggerated immune responses to antigens, classified into four types based on mechanism.">Types I-IV mechanisms and clinical manifestations</span></li> </ul> <h6>Autoimmunity</h6> <ul> - <li>Tolerance mechanisms</li> - <li>Autoimmune disease pathogenesis</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Immune system's ability to not attack its own body's cells and tissues.">Tolerance mechanisms</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How diseases develop when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.">Autoimmune disease pathogenesis</span></li> </ul> <h6>Immunodeficiency</h6> <ul> - <li>Primary and secondary disorders</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders where the immune system is weakened, due to genetic causes (primary) or other factors like infection or drugs (secondary).">Primary and secondary disorders</span></li> <li>Clinical presentations</li> </ul> <h6>Transplantation Immunology</h6> <ul> - <li>HLA system, graft rejection mechanisms</li> - <li>Immunosuppression</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Human Leukocyte Antigen system, critical for immune recognition and transplant compatibility.">HLA system</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Immune processes where the recipient's body attacks the transplanted organ/tissue.">graft rejection mechanisms</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Use of drugs to suppress the immune system to prevent transplant rejection.">Immunosuppression</span></li> </ul> <h6>Tumor Immunology</h6> <ul> - <li>Immune surveillance, escape mechanisms</li> - <li>Immunotherapy principles</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Immune system's ability to detect and destroy cancer cells, and how tumors evade this.">Immune surveillance, escape mechanisms</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using the immune system to treat cancer by boosting or modifying immune responses.">Immunotherapy principles</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -908,7 +908,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-hdd-network-fill"></i> H. Genetics</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The study of inheritance and genetic variation in health and disease. Provides the foundation for understanding hereditary disorders, genetic risk assessment, and the emerging field of precision medicine. + The study of inheritance and genetic variation in health and disease. Provides the foundation for understanding <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders passed down through families due to gene abnormalities.">hereditary disorders</span>, genetic risk assessment, and the emerging field of <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tailoring medical treatment to an individual's genetic makeup.">precision medicine</span>. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseGenetics" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseGenetics"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -918,32 +918,32 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseGenetics"> <h6>Mendelian Inheritance</h6> <ul> - <li>Dominant, recessive, X-linked patterns</li> - <li>Pedigree analysis</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Patterns of inheritance where one (dominant) or two (recessive) copies of a gene variant cause a trait, or traits linked to the X chromosome.">Dominant, recessive, X-linked patterns</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Analyzing family history diagrams (pedigrees) to determine inheritance patterns of traits/diseases.">Pedigree analysis</span></li> </ul> <h6>Cytogenetics</h6> <ul> - <li>Chromosome structure, abnormalities</li> - <li>Karyotyping</li> + <li>Chromosome structure, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes (e.g., trisomy, deletions).">abnormalities</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Lab technique to visualize an individual's chromosomes to detect abnormalities.">Karyotyping</span></li> </ul> <h6>Molecular Genetics</h6> <ul> - <li>Gene structure, regulation, mutations</li> - <li>Polymorphisms</li> + <li>Gene structure, regulation, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Permanent changes in DNA sequence.">mutations</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Common variations in DNA sequence among individuals.">Polymorphisms</span></li> </ul> <h6>Clinical Genetics</h6> <ul> <li>Genetic disorder recognition</li> - <li>Counseling principles</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Helping individuals and families understand and adapt to genetic conditions.">Counseling principles</span></li> </ul> <h6>Population Genetics</h6> <ul> - <li>Gene frequencies</li> - <li>Hardy-Weinberg principle</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Proportion of different alleles (gene versions) in a population.">Gene frequencies</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Principle stating that genetic variation in a population remains constant if disturbing factors are absent.">Hardy-Weinberg principle</span></li> </ul> <h6>Genomics</h6> <ul> - <li>Genome organization</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The complete set of an organism's DNA, including all its genes and their arrangement.">Genome organization</span></li> <li>Applications in medicine</li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> @@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-heart-pulse-fill"></i> A. Internal Medicine</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Comprehensive care of adult patients, focusing on complex diagnostic reasoning and management of acute and chronic conditions. Encompasses multiple subspecialties addressing specific organ systems and disease processes. + Comprehensive care of adult patients, focusing on complex <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The thought process used to identify a patient's condition.">diagnostic reasoning</span> and management of acute and chronic conditions. Encompasses multiple subspecialties addressing specific organ systems and disease processes. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseInternalMedicine" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseInternalMedicine"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -978,61 +978,61 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseInternalMedicine"> <h6>Cardiology</h6> <ul> - <li>Ischemic heart disease, heart failure</li> - <li>Arrhythmias, valvular disease</li> - <li>Cardiomyopathies, pericardial disease</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Reduced blood flow to heart muscle due to narrowed arteries (e.g., angina, heart attack).">Ischemic heart disease</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Condition where the heart can't pump blood effectively.">heart failure</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Irregular heart rhythms.">Arrhythmias</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders of the heart valves affecting blood flow.">valvular disease</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diseases of the heart muscle itself.">Cardiomyopathies</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders of the sac surrounding the heart.">pericardial disease</span></li> </ul> <h6>Pulmonology</h6> <ul> - <li>Obstructive/restrictive lung diseases</li> - <li>Pneumonias, pulmonary vascular disease</li> - <li>Pleural disorders</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diseases causing airflow limitation (e.g., asthma, COPD) or reduced lung expansion (e.g., fibrosis).">Obstructive/restrictive lung diseases</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Lung infections.">Pneumonias</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diseases of blood vessels in the lungs.">pulmonary vascular disease</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Conditions affecting the membranes lining the lungs and chest cavity.">Pleural disorders</span></li> </ul> <h6>Gastroenterology</h6> <ul> - <li>Esophageal, stomach, intestinal disorders</li> - <li>Pancreatic, hepatobiliary disorders</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Conditions of the food pipe, stomach, and intestines.">Esophageal, stomach, intestinal disorders</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder/bile ducts.">Pancreatic, hepatobiliary disorders</span></li> </ul> <h6>Nephrology</h6> <ul> - <li>Glomerular diseases, tubulointerstitial disorders</li> - <li>Renal failure, dialysis principles</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diseases of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli) or tubules/surrounding tissue.">Glomerular diseases, tubulointerstitial disorders</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Kidney's inability to filter waste; principles of blood purification treatment.">Renal failure, dialysis principles</span></li> </ul> <h6>Endocrinology</h6> <ul> - <li>Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid disorders</li> - <li>Adrenal, pancreatic disorders</li> - <li>Metabolic syndrome</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders of glands like pituitary (master gland), thyroid (metabolism), parathyroid (calcium).">Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid disorders</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders of adrenal glands (stress hormones) and pancreas (insulin/glucagon).">Adrenal, pancreatic disorders</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Cluster of conditions (e.g., high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat) increasing risk of heart disease/diabetes.">Metabolic syndrome</span></li> </ul> <h6>Hematology</h6> <ul> - <li>Anemias, hemoglobinopathies</li> - <li>Leukemias, lymphomas</li> - <li>Coagulation disorders</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Low red blood cell count; genetic disorders of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein).">Anemias, hemoglobinopathies</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Cancers of blood-forming cells (leukemia) or lymphatic system (lymphoma).">Leukemias, lymphomas</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders affecting blood's ability to clot.">Coagulation disorders</span></li> </ul> <h6>Oncology</h6> <ul> - <li>Cancer biology, staging systems</li> - <li>Treatment modalities</li> - <li>Paraneoplastic syndromes</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Study of cancer cell processes; systems to classify cancer extent.">Cancer biology, staging systems</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Different cancer treatment methods (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy, radiation).">Treatment modalities</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Symptoms occurring at sites distant from a tumor, often due to hormones or immune responses triggered by the tumor.">Paraneoplastic syndromes</span></li> </ul> <h6>Rheumatology</h6> <ul> - <li>Autoimmune arthritides</li> - <li>Connective tissue diseases</li> - <li>Vasculitides</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Joint inflammation caused by the immune system attacking itself (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).">Autoimmune arthritides</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disorders affecting tissues that support/connect organs (e.g., lupus, scleroderma).">Connective tissue diseases</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Inflammation of blood vessels.">Vasculitides</span></li> </ul> <h6>Infectious Disease</h6> <ul> <li>Systematic approach to infections by system</li> - <li>Organism-specific diseases</li> - <li>Infections in immunocompromised hosts</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diseases caused by specific microbes (e.g., tuberculosis by M. tuberculosis).">Organism-specific diseases</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Individuals with weakened immune systems who are more susceptible to infections.">Infections in immunocompromised hosts</span></li> </ul> <h6>Critical Care</h6> <ul> - <li>Shock, respiratory failure</li> - <li>Multi-organ dysfunction</li> - <li>ICU management</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Life-threatening low blood flow; inability of lungs to oxygenate blood/remove CO2.">Shock, respiratory failure</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Failure of two or more organ systems.">Multi-organ dysfunction</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Specialized care for critically ill patients in an Intensive Care Unit.">ICU management</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1049,7 +1049,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-scissors"></i> B. Surgery</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The discipline focused on operative interventions, perioperative care, and surgical pathology. Teaches assessment of surgical candidates, operative principles, and postoperative management including complication recognition. + The discipline focused on <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Medical treatments involving incisions or physical manipulation of tissues.">operative interventions</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Patient care before, during, and after surgery.">perioperative care</span>, and <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Microscopic examination of tissues removed during surgery to diagnose disease.">surgical pathology</span>. Teaches assessment of surgical candidates, operative principles, and postoperative management including complication recognition. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSurgery" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSurgery"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1059,38 +1059,38 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseSurgery"> <h6>General Surgery</h6> <ul> - <li>Acute abdomen, hernias</li> - <li>Bowel obstruction</li> - <li>Surgical oncology</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Sudden, severe abdominal pain requiring urgent diagnosis; protrusion of an organ through a weak muscle/tissue area.">Acute abdomen, hernias</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Blockage preventing food/liquid from passing through intestines.">Bowel obstruction</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Surgical treatment of cancer.">Surgical oncology</span></li> </ul> <h6>Preoperative Assessment</h6> <ul> - <li>Risk stratification, optimization</li> - <li>Informed consent</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Evaluating patient risk for surgery and improving their condition beforehand.">Risk stratification, optimization</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Process of patient agreeing to a procedure after understanding its risks/benefits.">Informed consent</span></li> </ul> <h6>Operative Principles</h6> <ul> - <li>Sterile technique, instrumentation</li> - <li>Wound closure, hemostasis</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Practices to prevent contamination during surgery; surgical tools.">Sterile technique, instrumentation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Closing surgical wounds; stopping bleeding.">Wound closure, hemostasis</span></li> </ul> <h6>Postoperative Care</h6> <ul> <li>Pain management, wound care</li> - <li>Complication recognition</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Identifying adverse outcomes after surgery.">Complication recognition</span></li> </ul> <h6>Trauma Surgery</h6> <ul> - <li>Primary/secondary surveys</li> - <li>Damage control principles</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Systematic initial (ABCDEs) and detailed (head-to-toe) exams for trauma patients.">Primary/secondary surveys</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Strategy for severely injured: initial surgery to control bleeding/contamination, ICU resuscitation, then definitive repair.">Damage control principles</span></li> </ul> <h6>Transplant Surgery</h6> <ul> - <li>Donor selection, organ preservation</li> - <li>Rejection management</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Choosing suitable organ donors; keeping organs viable before transplant.">Donor selection, organ preservation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Treating or preventing the recipient's immune system from attacking the new organ.">Rejection management</span></li> </ul> <h6>Surgical Specialties</h6> <ul> - <li>Basics of cardiothoracic, vascular, neurosurgery, plastic surgery</li> + <li>Basics of <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Surgery of heart/lungs (cardiothoracic), blood vessels (vascular), nervous system (neurosurgery), or reconstructive/aesthetic (plastic surgery).">cardiothoracic, vascular, neurosurgery, plastic surgery</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1117,23 +1117,23 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseOBGYN"> <h6>Gynecology</h6> <ul> - <li>Menstrual disorders, pelvic pain</li> - <li>STIs, gynecologic oncology</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Problems with periods (e.g., heavy bleeding, irregular); pain in the pelvic region.">Menstrual disorders, pelvic pain</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Sexually transmitted infections; cancers of the female reproductive system.">STIs, gynecologic oncology</span></li> </ul> <h6>Reproductive Endocrinology</h6> <ul> - <li>Infertility evaluation/treatment</li> - <li>Contraception, menopause</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assessing and treating inability to conceive.">Infertility evaluation/treatment</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Birth control methods; cessation of menstruation.">Contraception, menopause</span></li> </ul> <h6>Obstetrics</h6> <ul> - <li>Prenatal care, high-risk pregnancy</li> - <li>Labor/delivery, postpartum care</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Medical care during pregnancy; pregnancies with increased maternal/fetal risk.">Prenatal care, high-risk pregnancy</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Process of childbirth; care after delivery.">Labor/delivery, postpartum care</span></li> </ul> <h6>Maternal-Fetal Medicine</h6> <ul> - <li>Pregnancy complications</li> - <li>Fetal assessment, teratology</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Health issues arising during pregnancy for mother or fetus.">Pregnancy complications</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Monitoring fetal health (e.g., ultrasound); study of birth defects.">Fetal assessment, teratology</span></li> </ul> <h6>Gynecologic Surgery</h6> <ul> @@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-person-hearts"></i> D. Pediatrics</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. Focuses on developmental aspects of disease, preventive care, and conditions unique to this population, acknowledging the role of family systems in pediatric care. + Medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. Focuses on <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How growth and maturation influence disease presentation and management.">developmental aspects of disease</span>, preventive care, and conditions unique to this population, acknowledging the role of family systems in pediatric care. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapsePediatrics" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapsePediatrics"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1165,13 +1165,13 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapsePediatrics"> <h6>Neonatology</h6> <ul> - <li>Transition to extrauterine life</li> - <li>Prematurity, congenital disorders</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Physiological adjustments newborns make after birth (e.g., breathing).">Transition to extrauterine life</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Birth before 37 weeks gestation; health conditions present at birth.">Prematurity, congenital disorders</span></li> </ul> <h6>Growth & Development</h6> <ul> - <li>Developmental milestones</li> - <li>Growth parameters, deviations</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Age-specific skills most children achieve (e.g., walking, talking).">Developmental milestones</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Measurements like height/weight to track growth; significant variations from normal.">Growth parameters, deviations</span></li> </ul> <h6>Pediatric Diseases</h6> <ul> @@ -1179,20 +1179,20 @@ </ul> <h6>Adolescent Medicine</h6> <ul> - <li>Puberty, behavioral issues</li> - <li>Transition to adult care</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Physical maturation into adulthood; mental/emotional challenges.">Puberty, behavioral issues</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Planned move of young adults with chronic conditions from pediatric to adult healthcare.">Transition to adult care</span></li> </ul> <h6>Genetic Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Recognition, management of pediatric genetic syndromes</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Identifying and managing inherited conditions in children.">Recognition, management of pediatric genetic syndromes</span></li> </ul> <h6>Immunizations</h6> <ul> - <li>Schedules, contraindications, adverse effects</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Vaccination timelines; reasons not to give a vaccine; adverse reactions.">Schedules, contraindications, adverse effects</span></li> </ul> <h6>Child Abuse</h6> <ul> - <li>Recognition, reporting requirements, management</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Identifying signs of harm/neglect; legal duty to report; interventions.">Recognition, reporting requirements, management</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-person-badge"></i> E. Psychiatry</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding mental health, emphasizing the mind-body connection in health and disease. + Diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Integrates <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Considering biological (e.g., genetics, neurochemistry), psychological (e.g., thoughts, emotions), and social (e.g., environment, relationships) influences on mental health.">biological, psychological, and social factors</span> in understanding mental health, emphasizing the mind-body connection in health and disease. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapsePsychiatry" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapsePsychiatry"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1219,43 +1219,43 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapsePsychiatry"> <h6>Diagnostic Criteria</h6> <ul> - <li>DSM classification system</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, used for classifying mental health conditions.">DSM classification system</span></li> </ul> <h6>Mood Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Major depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymia</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Persistent sadness/loss of interest; shifts between depression and mania/hypomania; chronic low-grade depression.">Major depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymia</span></li> </ul> <h6>Anxiety Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Generalized anxiety, panic, phobias</li> - <li>OCD, PTSD</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Excessive worry; sudden intense fear; irrational fears of specific things.">Generalized anxiety, panic, phobias</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors; disorder after traumatic event.">OCD, PTSD</span></li> </ul> <h6>Psychotic Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder</li> - <li>Delusional disorders</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disordered thoughts/perceptions, often with hallucinations/delusions; features of schizophrenia and mood disorder.">Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Persistent false beliefs not explained by other conditions.">Delusional disorders</span></li> </ul> <h6>Substance Use Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Addiction mechanisms</li> - <li>Withdrawal syndromes, treatment</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Neurobiological processes of drug dependence.">Addiction mechanisms</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Symptoms when stopping/reducing substance use; medical/behavioral treatments.">Withdrawal syndromes, treatment</span></li> </ul> <h6>Personality Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Cluster types, management approaches</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Groupings of personality disorders (A: odd/eccentric, B: dramatic/erratic, C: anxious/fearful); ways to manage.">Cluster types, management approaches</span></li> </ul> <h6>Psychopharmacology</h6> <ul> - <li>Mechanisms, indications, side effects</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How psychiatric medications work, their uses, and potential negative effects.">Mechanisms, indications, side effects</span></li> </ul> <h6>Psychotherapy</h6> <ul> - <li>Basic principles of therapeutic approaches</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Core ideas behind different talk therapies (e.g., CBT, psychodynamic).">Basic principles of therapeutic approaches</span></li> </ul> <h6>Emergency Psychiatry</h6> <ul> - <li>Suicidality, homicidality</li> - <li>Acute psychosis management</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Risk of self-harm; risk of harming others.">Suicidality, homicidality</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Immediate treatment for sudden onset of psychotic symptoms.">Acute psychosis management</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1272,7 +1272,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-brain"></i> F. Neurology</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Diagnosis and management of disorders of the nervous system. Applies precise neuroanatomical principles to localize lesions and understand the pathophysiology of neurological dysfunction. + Diagnosis and management of disorders of the nervous system. Applies precise <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Relating symptoms to specific locations in the brain or spinal cord.">neuroanatomical principles</span> to localize lesions and understand the pathophysiology of neurological dysfunction. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseNeurology" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseNeurology"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1282,43 +1282,43 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseNeurology"> <h6>Cerebrovascular Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Stroke types, TIAs, hemorrhages</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ischemic (clot) or hemorrhagic (bleed) brain injury; mini-strokes; brain bleeds.">Stroke types, TIAs, hemorrhages</span></li> </ul> <h6>Movement Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Parkinson's, essential tremor</li> - <li>Dystonias, ataxias</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Condition affecting movement (tremor, rigidity); involuntary rhythmic shaking.">Parkinson's, essential tremor</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Uncontrollable muscle contractions; impaired coordination/balance.">Dystonias, ataxias</span></li> </ul> <h6>Seizure Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Classification, evaluation, management</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Categorizing types of seizures; diagnostic workup; treatment strategies.">Classification, evaluation, management</span></li> </ul> <h6>Demyelinating Disorders</h6> <ul> - <li>Multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Disease damaging myelin sheath of nerves in CNS; immune system attacks peripheral nerves.">Multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome</span></li> </ul> <h6>Headache Syndromes</h6> <ul> - <li>Migraine, tension, cluster</li> - <li>Secondary causes</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Severe throbbing headache; common, band-like headache; intensely painful headaches in cycles.">Migraine, tension, cluster</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Headaches caused by an underlying medical condition.">Secondary causes</span></li> </ul> <h6>Neurodegenerative Diseases</h6> <ul> - <li>Alzheimer's, frontotemporal dementia, ALS</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Progressive memory loss; dementia affecting frontal/temporal lobes; motor neuron disease.">Alzheimer's, frontotemporal dementia, ALS</span></li> </ul> <h6>Peripheral Neuropathies</h6> <ul> - <li>Diabetic, inflammatory, toxic, hereditary</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Nerve damage due to diabetes, inflammation, toxins, or genetics.">Diabetic, inflammatory, toxic, hereditary</span></li> </ul> <h6>Neuro-oncology</h6> <ul> - <li>Primary CNS tumors, metastases</li> - <li>Paraneoplastic syndromes</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tumors originating in brain/spinal cord; cancer spread from elsewhere.">Primary CNS tumors, metastases</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Neurological symptoms caused by cancer elsewhere in the body, not by direct tumor invasion.">Paraneoplastic syndromes</span></li> </ul> <h6>Neurodiagnostics</h6> <ul> - <li>EEG, EMG, evoked potentials</li> - <li>Lumbar puncture interpretation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Brain wave test; muscle/nerve electrical activity test; nerve response to stimuli test.">EEG, EMG, evoked potentials</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Analyzing cerebrospinal fluid from a spinal tap.">Lumbar puncture interpretation</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-lightning-charge-fill"></i> G. Emergency Medicine</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Acute care of undifferentiated patients with urgent and emergent conditions. Teaches rapid assessment, prioritization, stabilization, and disposition of patients with time-sensitive disorders. + Acute care of <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Patients whose diagnosis is not yet known.">undifferentiated patients</span> with urgent and emergent conditions. Teaches rapid assessment, prioritization, stabilization, and disposition of patients with <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Conditions where prompt treatment significantly improves outcome.">time-sensitive disorders</span>. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseEmergencyMedicine" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseEmergencyMedicine"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1345,13 +1345,13 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseEmergencyMedicine"> <h6>Resuscitation</h6> <ul> - <li>Advanced cardiac life support</li> - <li>Airway management</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Protocols for treating cardiac arrest and other life-threatening emergencies.">Advanced cardiac life support</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Securing and maintaining an open passage for breathing.">Airway management</span></li> </ul> <h6>Trauma Management</h6> <ul> - <li>Assessment protocols</li> - <li>Stabilization techniques</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Standardized methods for evaluating injured patients.">Assessment protocols</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Interventions to prevent worsening of injuries and maintain vital functions.">Stabilization techniques</span></li> </ul> <h6>Medical Emergencies</h6> <ul> @@ -1359,20 +1359,20 @@ </ul> <h6>Toxicological Emergencies</h6> <ul> - <li>Recognition, decontamination, antidotes</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Identifying poisonings; removing/neutralizing toxins; giving counteracting substances.">Recognition, decontamination, antidotes</span></li> </ul> <h6>Environmental Emergencies</h6> <ul> - <li>Heat/cold injuries, drowning, altitude sickness</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Conditions from extreme heat/cold; near-drowning incidents; illness from high altitude.">Heat/cold injuries, drowning, altitude sickness</span></li> </ul> <h6>Disaster Medicine</h6> <ul> - <li>Mass casualty triage</li> - <li>Disaster response</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Sorting numerous injured patients based on severity and urgency.">Mass casualty triage</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Coordinated actions to manage the aftermath of a large-scale emergency.">Disaster response</span></li> </ul> <h6>Procedural Skills</h6> <ul> - <li>Emergency procedures (thoracentesis, paracentesis, etc.)</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Urgent procedures like draining fluid from chest (thoracentesis) or abdomen (paracentesis).">Emergency procedures (thoracentesis, paracentesis, etc.)</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1399,21 +1399,21 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseSpecialtyAreas"> <h6>Radiology</h6> <ul> - <li>Radiographic principles, radiation safety</li> - <li>Plain film, CT, MRI, ultrasound interpretation basics</li> - <li>Nuclear medicine, interventional procedures</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Principles of image creation; protecting from harmful radiation.">Radiographic principles, radiation safety</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Interpreting basic X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds.">Plain film, CT, MRI, ultrasound interpretation basics</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using radioactive substances for diagnosis/treatment; image-guided minimally invasive procedures.">Nuclear medicine, interventional procedures</span></li> </ul> <h6>Dermatology</h6> <ul> - <li>Skin lesion morphology</li> - <li>Common dermatoses</li> - <li>Infectious dermatology</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Describing the appearance (shape, size, color, texture) of skin abnormalities.">Skin lesion morphology</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Common skin diseases like eczema, psoriasis, acne.">Common dermatoses</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Skin conditions caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.">Infectious dermatology</span></li> <li>Skin cancers</li> </ul> <h6>Ophthalmology</h6> <ul> <li>Eye examination</li> - <li>Common disorders, ocular emergencies</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Frequent eye conditions; eye problems needing immediate attention.">Common disorders, ocular emergencies</span></li> </ul> <h6>Otolaryngology</h6> <ul> @@ -1423,22 +1423,22 @@ <h6>Orthopedics</h6> <ul> <li>Musculoskeletal examination</li> - <li>Fractures, joint disorders</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Broken bones; conditions affecting joints.">Fractures, joint disorders</span></li> </ul> <h6>Urology</h6> <ul> - <li>Genitourinary evaluation</li> - <li>Common disorders, urological emergencies</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assessment of genital and urinary organs.">Genitourinary evaluation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Frequent urinary system conditions; urgent urological problems.">Common disorders, urological emergencies</span></li> </ul> <h6>Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation</h6> <ul> - <li>Functional assessment</li> - <li>Rehabilitation principles</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Evaluating ability to perform daily activities.">Functional assessment</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Core concepts of restoring function after illness/injury.">Rehabilitation principles</span></li> </ul> <h6>Palliative Care</h6> <ul> <li>Pain management</li> - <li>End-of-life care, symptom control</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Care for patients in final stages of terminal illness; managing symptoms for comfort.">End-of-life care, symptom control</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More (Examples):</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1472,9 +1472,9 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapsePatientAssessment"> <h6>Vital Signs Measurement</h6> <ul> - <li>Manual blood pressure with various cuff sizes</li> - <li>Pulse rate/rhythm/character assessment</li> - <li>Respiratory rate/pattern evaluation</li> + <li>Manual <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Measurement of arterial pressure, ensuring correct cuff size for accuracy.">blood pressure</span> with various cuff sizes</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assessing heartbeats per minute, regularity, and strength.">Pulse rate/rhythm/character</span> assessment</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assessing breaths per minute and breathing pattern.">Respiratory rate/pattern</span> evaluation</li> <li>Temperature measurement</li> <li>Pain assessment</li> </ul> @@ -1493,7 +1493,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-person-check-fill"></i> B. Physical Examination Techniques</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Systematic methods of evaluating patients through direct observation and examination. Develops the ability to detect physical abnormalities and correlate findings with underlying pathophysiology. + Systematic methods of evaluating patients through direct observation and examination. Develops the ability to detect physical abnormalities and correlate findings with underlying <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury.">pathophysiology</span>. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapsePhysicalExam" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapsePhysicalExam"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1509,27 +1509,27 @@ </ul> <h6>Palpation Techniques</h6> <ul> - <li>Graduated pressure application</li> - <li>Organ border delineation</li> - <li>Lymph node examination</li> - <li>Abdominal mass characterization</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Applying varying levels of touch pressure to feel underlying structures.">Graduated pressure application</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Feeling for the edges of organs.">Organ border delineation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Examining lymph nodes for size, consistency, tenderness.">Lymph node examination</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assessing the features of an abdominal lump or swelling.">Abdominal mass characterization</span></li> <li>Joint examination</li> - <li>Pulse quality assessment</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assessing the strength and regularity of arterial pulses.">Pulse quality assessment</span></li> </ul> <h6>Percussion Methods</h6> <ul> - <li>Direct and indirect percussion</li> - <li>Resonance pattern recognition</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tapping directly on the body or indirectly using a finger as a pleximeter.">Direct and indirect percussion</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Identifying different sounds (e.g., resonant, dull, tympanitic) produced by tapping.">Resonance pattern recognition</span></li> <li>Organ size estimation</li> - <li>Fluid level detection</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using percussion to identify fluid accumulation in body cavities.">Fluid level detection</span></li> </ul> <h6>Auscultation</h6> <ul> - <li>Heart sound identification</li> - <li>Murmur characterization</li> - <li>Lung sound classification</li> - <li>Bowel sound assessment</li> - <li>Vascular bruit detection</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Recognizing normal (S1, S2) and abnormal heart sounds.">Heart sound identification</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Describing features of abnormal heart sounds (e.g., timing, intensity, location).">Murmur characterization</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Identifying normal breath sounds and adventitious sounds (e.g., wheezes, crackles).">Lung sound classification</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Listening to sounds of intestinal activity.">Bowel sound assessment</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Listening for abnormal 'whooshing' sounds over blood vessels, indicating turbulent flow.">Vascular bruit detection</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1556,37 +1556,37 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseSpecialExam"> <h6>Neurological Examination</h6> <ul> - <li>Cranial nerve testing protocols</li> - <li>Motor strength grading</li> - <li>Sensory modality testing</li> - <li>Reflex elicitation and grading</li> - <li>Coordination testing</li> - <li>Gait and station assessment</li> - <li>Mental status examination</li> - <li>Cognitive assessment tools</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Systematic testing of the 12 pairs of nerves originating from the brain.">Cranial nerve testing protocols</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assessing muscle power on a standardized scale (e.g., 0-5).">Motor strength grading</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Evaluating ability to perceive touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and position.">Sensory modality testing</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Checking involuntary muscle responses and grading their intensity.">Reflex elicitation and grading</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assessing smooth, accurate movements (e.g., finger-to-nose).">Coordination testing</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Observing walking pattern and ability to stand steadily.">Gait and station assessment</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Evaluating alertness, orientation, attention, memory, and thought processes.">Mental status examination</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Standardized tests to measure cognitive functions (e.g., MMSE).">Cognitive assessment tools</span></li> </ul> <h6>Ophthalmological Skills</h6> <ul> - <li>Visual acuity testing</li> - <li>Visual field assessment</li> - <li>Ophthalmoscopy technique</li> - <li>Pupillary reflex testing</li> - <li>Extraocular movement evaluation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Measuring sharpness of vision (e.g., Snellen chart).">Visual acuity testing</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Testing the entire area visible when eyes are fixed.">Visual field assessment</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using an ophthalmoscope to view the eye's interior (retina, optic nerve).">Ophthalmoscopy technique</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Checking pupil constriction in response to light and focusing.">Pupillary reflex testing</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assessing the movement of eyes in different directions.">Extraocular movement evaluation</span></li> </ul> <h6>ENT Examination</h6> <ul> - <li>Otoscopy technique</li> - <li>Tuning fork tests</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using an otoscope to examine the ear canal and eardrum.">Otoscopy technique</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using a vibrating fork to assess hearing (e.g., Rinne, Weber tests).">Tuning fork tests</span></li> <li>Nasal examination</li> <li>Oral cavity/pharynx inspection</li> </ul> <h6>Musculoskeletal Assessment</h6> <ul> - <li>Joint range of motion measurement</li> - <li>Special tests for specific joints</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Measuring the extent of movement possible at a joint.">Joint range of motion measurement</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Specific physical maneuvers to diagnose conditions in joints like knee or shoulder.">Special tests for specific joints</span></li> <li>Muscle strength testing</li> <li>Spine examination</li> - <li>Gait analysis</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Systematic observation and assessment of a person's walking pattern.">Gait analysis</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1613,26 +1613,26 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseProceduralSkills"> <h6>Basic Procedures</h6> <ul> - <li>Venipuncture</li> - <li>IV cannulation</li> - <li>Arterial blood sampling</li> - <li>Injections (intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular)</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Drawing blood from a vein.">Venipuncture</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Inserting a cannula (tube) into a vein for fluids/meds.">IV cannulation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Collecting blood from an artery (usually for blood gas analysis).">Arterial blood sampling</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Administering substances into skin (intradermal), fatty tissue (subcutaneous), or muscle (intramuscular).">Injections (intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular)</span></li> <li>Wound management</li> </ul> <h6>Intermediate Procedures</h6> <ul> - <li>Suturing techniques</li> - <li>Airway management</li> - <li>Fluid sampling (lumbar puncture, thoracentesis, paracentesis)</li> - <li>Catheterization (urinary, nasogastric)</li> - <li>Incision and drainage</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Stitching wounds closed.">Suturing techniques</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Securing an open airway for breathing (e.g., intubation).">Airway management</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Collecting cerebrospinal fluid (lumbar puncture), pleural fluid (thoracentesis), or peritoneal fluid (paracentesis).">Fluid sampling (lumbar puncture, thoracentesis, paracentesis)</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Inserting a tube into the bladder (urinary) or stomach via nose (nasogastric).">Catheterization (urinary, nasogastric)</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Surgically opening and draining an abscess or infected collection.">Incision and drainage</span></li> </ul> <h6>Advanced Procedural Skills</h6> <ul> - <li>Resuscitation techniques</li> - <li>Regional anesthesia</li> - <li>Obstetric procedures</li> - <li>Surgical assisting</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Life-saving interventions like CPR, defibrillation.">Resuscitation techniques</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Numbing a specific body region (e.g., epidural, nerve block).">Regional anesthesia</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Procedures related to pregnancy and childbirth (e.g., amniocentesis, forceps delivery).">Obstetric procedures</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Assisting the primary surgeon during an operation.">Surgical assisting</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1649,7 +1649,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-clipboard-data-fill"></i> E. Diagnostic Skills</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Abilities to select, perform, and interpret tests at the point of care and analyze laboratory and imaging data. Develops clinical reasoning that integrates diagnostic information with history and physical findings. + Abilities to select, perform, and interpret tests at the <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Medical testing performed at or near the patient's location for rapid results.">point of care</span> and analyze laboratory and imaging data. Develops <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The cognitive process of reaching a diagnosis.">clinical reasoning</span> that integrates diagnostic information with history and physical findings. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseDiagnosticSkills" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseDiagnosticSkills"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1660,24 +1660,24 @@ <h6>Bedside Diagnostics</h6> <ul> <li>Point-of-care testing</li> - <li>ECG recording and interpretation</li> - <li>Bedside ultrasound</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Performing an electrocardiogram and analyzing its results to detect heart conditions.">ECG recording and interpretation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using portable ultrasound at the patient's location for immediate imaging.">Bedside ultrasound</span></li> </ul> <h6>Laboratory Interpretation</h6> <ul> - <li>Complete blood count</li> - <li>Blood chemistry</li> - <li>Coagulation studies</li> - <li>Urinalysis</li> - <li>Microbiology specimens</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Blood test evaluating overall health (red/white cells, platelets).">Complete blood count</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tests measuring levels of chemicals in blood, indicating organ function/metabolism.">Blood chemistry</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Blood tests assessing clotting ability.">Coagulation studies</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Analysis of urine to detect various disorders.">Urinalysis</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Samples (blood, urine, etc.) analyzed to identify infectious agents.">Microbiology specimens</span></li> </ul> <h6>Imaging Interpretation</h6> <ul> <li>Chest X-ray</li> <li>Abdominal X-ray</li> - <li>Fracture identification</li> - <li>CT interpretation basics</li> - <li>Basic ultrasonography</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Recognizing breaks in bones on X-rays or other images.">Fracture identification</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Fundamental understanding of images from Computed Tomography.">CT interpretation basics</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Introductory skills in performing and analyzing ultrasound images.">Basic ultrasonography</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1694,7 +1694,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-chat-left-text-fill"></i> F. Communication Skills</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Methods of effective interaction with patients, families, and healthcare team members. Crucial for establishing therapeutic relationships, gathering information, and coordinating care across settings. + Methods of effective interaction with patients, families, and healthcare team members. Crucial for establishing <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="A trusting and collaborative relationship between a healthcare provider and patient.">therapeutic relationships</span>, gathering information, and coordinating care across settings. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseCommunicationSkills" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseCommunicationSkills"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1704,16 +1704,16 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseCommunicationSkills"> <h6>Patient-Centered Communication</h6> <ul> - <li>Interview techniques</li> - <li>Challenging scenarios</li> - <li>Shared decision-making</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Techniques for eliciting information from patients effectively and empathetically.">Interview techniques</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Handling difficult conversations (e.g., breaking bad news, angry patients).">Challenging scenarios</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Collaborative process where clinicians and patients make healthcare decisions together.">Shared decision-making</span></li> </ul> <h6>Interprofessional Communication</h6> <ul> - <li>SBAR technique</li> - <li>Handoff skills</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Standardized framework (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) for clear communication.">SBAR technique</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Effectively transferring patient care information and responsibility.">Handoff skills</span></li> <li>Team leadership</li> - <li>Consultation requests</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Formally requesting expert opinion or assistance from another specialist.">Consultation requests</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1740,16 +1740,16 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseDocumentationSkills"> <h6>Clinical Documentation</h6> <ul> - <li>Problem-oriented records</li> - <li>Procedure documentation</li> - <li>Critical event documentation</li> - <li>Discharge planning</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Medical records organized by patient problems (e.g., SOAP notes - Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan).">Problem-oriented records</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Recording details of any medical or surgical procedure performed.">Procedure documentation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Detailed notes on significant, often adverse, events during patient care.">Critical event documentation</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Process of preparing a patient to leave a healthcare facility and coordinating their follow-up care.">Discharge planning</span></li> </ul> <h6>Electronic Health Record Skills</h6> <ul> - <li>Order entry</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using digital systems to input medical orders (meds, tests).">Order entry</span></li> <li>Documentation efficiency</li> - <li>Data retrieval</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Finding specific patient information within electronic medical records.">Data retrieval</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-search-heart"></i> A. Diagnostic Approach</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Systematic methods for establishing diagnoses using clinical reasoning, algorithms, and appropriate testing. Emphasizes cost-effective, evidence-based pathways that minimize harm while maximizing diagnostic accuracy. + Systematic methods for establishing diagnoses using <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="The cognitive process of problem-solving in medicine to arrive at a diagnosis.">clinical reasoning</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Step-by-step procedures or decision trees for medical evaluation.">algorithms</span>, and appropriate testing. Emphasizes cost-effective, evidence-based pathways that minimize harm while maximizing diagnostic accuracy. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseDiagnosticApproach" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseDiagnosticApproach"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1783,25 +1783,25 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseDiagnosticApproach"> <h6>Clinical Guidelines</h6> <ul> - <li>Evidence-based diagnostic algorithms</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Diagnostic decision trees based on current best medical evidence.">Evidence-based diagnostic algorithms</span></li> </ul> <h6>Laboratory Interpretation</h6> <ul> - <li>Normal ranges</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Expected values for healthy individuals.">Normal ranges</span></li> <li>Significance of abnormalities</li> </ul> <h6>Imaging Selection</h6> <ul> - <li>Appropriate modality choice</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Choosing the most suitable imaging test (X-ray, CT, MRI, etc.).">Appropriate modality choice</span></li> <li>Cost-effectiveness</li> </ul> <h6>Advanced Diagnostics</h6> <ul> - <li>Specialized testing indications</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Reasons for ordering more complex or specialized diagnostic tests.">Specialized testing indications</span></li> </ul> <h6>Clinical Pathways</h6> <ul> - <li>Standardized diagnostic protocols</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Standardized, evidence-based plans for diagnosing specific conditions.">Standardized diagnostic protocols</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1828,27 +1828,27 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseTreatmentPlanning"> <h6>Therapeutic Hierarchies</h6> <ul> - <li>First-line, second-line, salvage options</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Preferred initial treatments, subsequent options if first-line fails, and treatments for refractory cases.">First-line, second-line, salvage options</span></li> </ul> <h6>Pharmacotherapy</h6> <ul> - <li>Medication selection, dosing, monitoring</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Choosing appropriate drugs, determining doses, and monitoring effects.">Medication selection, dosing, monitoring</span></li> </ul> <h6>Procedural Interventions</h6> <ul> - <li>Indications, contraindications, timing</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Reasons for/against performing a procedure, and optimal timing.">Indications, contraindications, timing</span></li> </ul> <h6>Non-pharmacological Therapies</h6> <ul> - <li>Physical, occupational, speech therapy</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Treatments not involving drugs, e.g., physical therapy to restore movement.">Physical, occupational, speech therapy</span></li> </ul> <h6>Lifestyle Modifications</h6> <ul> - <li>Diet, exercise, stress management</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Changes in daily habits to improve health (e.g., healthy eating, regular exercise).">Diet, exercise, stress management</span></li> </ul> <h6>Complementary/Alternative Approaches</h6> <ul> - <li>Evidence-based integration</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using non-mainstream practices alongside (complementary) or instead of (alternative) conventional medicine, based on evidence.">Evidence-based integration</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1875,23 +1875,23 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseDiseaseMonitoring"> <h6>Response Assessment</h6> <ul> - <li>Clinical, laboratory, imaging parameters</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tracking symptoms, lab tests, and imaging to see how well treatment is working.">Clinical, laboratory, imaging parameters</span></li> </ul> <h6>Treatment Modification</h6> <ul> - <li>Dose adjustments, regimen changes</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Altering medication amounts or switching treatment plans based on response/side effects.">Dose adjustments, regimen changes</span></li> </ul> <h6>Adverse Effect Management</h6> <ul> - <li>Recognition, prevention, treatment</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Identifying, preventing, and treating harmful side effects of treatment.">Recognition, prevention, treatment</span></li> </ul> <h6>Long-term Surveillance</h6> <ul> - <li>Post-treatment monitoring protocols</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Plans for follow-up and monitoring after initial treatment is completed.">Post-treatment monitoring protocols</span></li> </ul> <h6>Prognostication</h6> <ul> - <li>Outcome prediction, survival estimation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Predicting the likely course and outcome of a disease.">Outcome prediction, survival estimation</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1908,7 +1908,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-shield-plus"></i> D. Prevention</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Strategies to avoid disease occurrence, progression, and complications. Spans primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions implemented at individual and population levels. + Strategies to avoid disease occurrence, progression, and complications. Spans <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Primary: prevent disease before it occurs. Secondary: detect disease early. Tertiary: reduce impact of established disease.">primary, secondary, and tertiary</span> interventions implemented at individual and population levels. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapsePrevention" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapsePrevention"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -1918,25 +1918,25 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapsePrevention"> <h6>Primary Prevention</h6> <ul> - <li>Risk factor modification</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Changing behaviors or exposures to prevent disease onset.">Risk factor modification</span></li> <li>Immunizations</li> </ul> <h6>Secondary Prevention</h6> <ul> - <li>Screening recommendations by age/risk</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tests to detect disease early in asymptomatic individuals, based on age or risk.">Screening recommendations by age/risk</span></li> </ul> <h6>Tertiary Prevention</h6> <ul> - <li>Complication prevention in established disease</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Actions taken to prevent further complications in those already with a disease.">Complication prevention in established disease</span></li> </ul> <h6>Preventive Services</h6> <ul> - <li>USPSTF guidelines</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines for screening and counseling.">USPSTF guidelines</span></li> <li>Age/gender-specific recommendations</li> </ul> <h6>Risk Assessment Tools</h6> <ul> - <li>Framingham, FRAX, etc.</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Calculators to estimate risk of specific diseases (e.g., Framingham for heart disease, FRAX for fracture risk).">Framingham, FRAX, etc.</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -1970,27 +1970,27 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseBiostatistics"> <h6>Study Designs</h6> <ul> - <li>RCTs, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Randomized Controlled Trials (compare interventions), Cohort (follow groups over time), Case-Control (compare past exposures in cases vs. controls), Cross-Sectional (data at one point in time).">RCTs, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional</span></li> </ul> <h6>Statistical Tests</h6> <ul> - <li>t-tests, chi-square, ANOVA, regression analysis</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Tests to compare means (t-tests, ANOVA), proportions (chi-square), or model relationships (regression).">t-tests, chi-square, ANOVA, regression analysis</span></li> </ul> <h6>Measures of Association</h6> <ul> - <li>Relative risk, odds ratio, hazard ratio</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Relative Risk (risk in exposed vs. unexposed), Odds Ratio (odds of exposure in cases vs. controls), Hazard Ratio (event rate in one group vs. another over time).">Relative risk, odds ratio, hazard ratio</span></li> </ul> <h6>Diagnostic Test Evaluation</h6> <ul> - <li>Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ROC curves</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Sensitivity (true positives), Specificity (true negatives), Predictive Values (probability of disease given a test result), ROC curves (test performance across thresholds).">Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ROC curves</span></li> </ul> <h6>Sample Size Calculation</h6> <ul> - <li>Power analysis, effect size estimation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Determining how many subjects are needed for a study to detect an effect if one exists (power) given an expected effect size.">Power analysis, effect size estimation</span></li> </ul> <h6>Statistical Significance</h6> <ul> - <li>p-values, confidence intervals, type I/II errors</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="p-value (probability of observed result by chance), Confidence Interval (range of plausible values for a parameter), Type I error (false positive), Type II error (false negative).">p-values, confidence intervals, type I/II errors</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2007,7 +2007,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-broadcast-pin"></i> B. Epidemiology</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. Provides methods for investigating disease outbreaks, understanding risk factors, and developing preventive strategies. + The study of disease distribution and <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Factors that influence the occurrence of disease (e.g., risk factors, protective factors).">determinants</span> in populations. Provides methods for investigating disease outbreaks, understanding risk factors, and developing preventive strategies. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseEpidemiology" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseEpidemiology"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -2017,19 +2017,19 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseEpidemiology"> <h6>Disease Frequency</h6> <ul> - <li>Prevalence, incidence, mortality rates</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Prevalence (existing cases), Incidence (new cases), Mortality (death rates).">Prevalence, incidence, mortality rates</span></li> </ul> <h6>Study Types</h6> <ul> - <li>Descriptive, analytical, experimental</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Descriptive (who, what, where, when), Analytical (test hypotheses, e.g., cohort, case-control), Experimental (interventions, e.g., RCTs).">Descriptive, analytical, experimental</span></li> </ul> <h6>Causal Inference</h6> <ul> - <li>Bradford Hill criteria, confounding, effect modification</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Criteria to assess if an association is causal; distortion of an association by another factor (confounding); when effect of an exposure differs by levels of another variable (effect modification).">Bradford Hill criteria, confounding, effect modification</span></li> </ul> <h6>Screening Theory</h6> <ul> - <li>Lead-time bias, length bias, overdiagnosis</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Lead-time (earlier detection without changing outcome), Length (detecting slow-progressing cases more often), Overdiagnosis (detecting conditions that wouldn't cause harm).">Lead-time bias, length bias, overdiagnosis</span></li> </ul> <h6>Outbreak Investigation</h6> <ul> @@ -2037,7 +2037,7 @@ </ul> <h6>Disease Surveillance</h6> <ul> - <li>Systems, reportable conditions</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data; diseases required by law to be reported.">Systems, reportable conditions</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2072,19 +2072,19 @@ </ul> <h6>Sampling Techniques</h6> <ul> - <li>Random, stratified, convenience, snowball</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Random (equal chance), Stratified (subgroups), Convenience (easy access), Snowball (referrals).">Random, stratified, convenience, snowball</span></li> </ul> <h6>Bias Recognition</h6> <ul> - <li>Selection, information, recall, observer biases</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Systematic errors in study design or conduct: Selection (non-random sample), Information (measurement error), Recall (memory differences), Observer (researcher influence).">Selection, information, recall, observer biases</span></li> </ul> <h6>Confounding Control</h6> <ul> - <li>Matching, stratification, multivariate analysis</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Techniques to minimize distortion by extraneous factors: Matching subjects, analyzing within subgroups (stratification), statistical adjustment (multivariate analysis).">Matching, stratification, multivariate analysis</span></li> </ul> <h6>Research Ethics</h6> <ul> - <li>Helsinki Declaration, IRB processes</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ethical principles for human research; Institutional Review Board approval processes.">Helsinki Declaration, IRB processes</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2111,27 +2111,27 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseEvidenceAppraisal"> <h6>Literature Search Strategy</h6> <ul> - <li>Database use, search term construction</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using research databases (e.g., PubMed) and effective keywords to find relevant studies.">Database use, search term construction</span></li> </ul> <h6>Critical Appraisal</h6> <ul> - <li>Validity assessment, results interpretation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Evaluating study methodology for internal validity and interpreting the findings.">Validity assessment, results interpretation</span></li> </ul> <h6>Evidence Hierarchies</h6> <ul> - <li>Quality grading systems</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ranking study designs by their strength in providing evidence (e.g., systematic reviews > RCTs > cohort studies).">Quality grading systems</span></li> </ul> <h6>Systematic Reviews</h6> <ul> - <li>Methodology, interpretation, limitations</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Comprehensive review of all relevant studies on a topic, its methods, findings, and weaknesses.">Methodology, interpretation, limitations</span></li> </ul> <h6>Meta-analysis</h6> <ul> - <li>Statistical pooling concepts, forest plots</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Statistical technique to combine results from multiple studies; visual display of results (forest plots).">Statistical pooling concepts, forest plots</span></li> </ul> <h6>Evidence Implementation</h6> <ul> - <li>Translation to clinical practice</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Applying research findings to actual patient care.">Translation to clinical practice</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2165,25 +2165,25 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseHealthcareDelivery"> <h6>Care Models</h6> <ul> - <li>Primary, secondary, tertiary</li> - <li>Acute vs. chronic</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Primary (first contact), Secondary (specialist), Tertiary (highly specialized).">Primary, secondary, tertiary</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Short-term, intense care vs. long-term management of ongoing conditions.">Acute vs. chronic</span></li> </ul> <h6>Healthcare Organizations</h6> <ul> - <li>Hospitals, clinics, integrated systems</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Facilities for inpatient care, outpatient clinics, and networks combining various services.">Hospitals, clinics, integrated systems</span></li> </ul> <h6>Interprofessional Teams</h6> <ul> - <li>Roles, collaboration strategies</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Different healthcare professionals working together, their specific functions, and how they cooperate.">Roles, collaboration strategies</span></li> </ul> <h6>Care Coordination</h6> <ul> - <li>Transitions of care, handoffs</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ensuring smooth patient movement between care settings; effective information transfer.">Transitions of care, handoffs</span></li> </ul> <h6>Population Health</h6> <ul> - <li>Community-based interventions</li> - <li>Health disparities</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Health initiatives aimed at specific communities.">Community-based interventions</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Differences in health outcomes between groups of people.">Health disparities</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2210,23 +2210,23 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseQualityImprovement"> <h6>QI Methodologies</h6> <ul> - <li>PDSA cycles, Lean, Six Sigma</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles (iterative improvement); Lean (waste reduction); Six Sigma (defect reduction).">PDSA cycles, Lean, Six Sigma</span></li> </ul> <h6>Patient Safety</h6> <ul> - <li>Error reporting, root cause analysis</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Systems for reporting medical mistakes; systematic investigation to find underlying causes of errors.">Error reporting, root cause analysis</span></li> </ul> <h6>Quality Measures</h6> <ul> - <li>Process, outcome, patient experience metrics</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Indicators of care quality: Process (how care is delivered), Outcome (results of care), Patient Experience (patient satisfaction).">Process, outcome, patient experience metrics</span></li> </ul> <h6>Healthcare Analytics</h6> <ul> - <li>Data utilization for improvement</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using data analysis to drive improvements in healthcare quality and efficiency.">Data utilization for improvement</span></li> </ul> <h6>Systems Thinking</h6> <ul> - <li>Complex adaptive systems principles</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Understanding healthcare as interconnected, dynamic systems to identify leverage points for improvement.">Complex adaptive systems principles</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2243,7 +2243,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-cash-coin"></i> C. Healthcare Economics</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Financial aspects of medical care production, distribution, and consumption. Examines resource allocation decisions at individual, organizational, and societal levels. + Financial aspects of medical care production, distribution, and consumption. Examines <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Decisions on how to distribute limited healthcare resources among competing needs.">resource allocation</span> decisions at individual, organizational, and societal levels. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseHealthcareEconomics" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseHealthcareEconomics"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -2253,23 +2253,23 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseHealthcareEconomics"> <h6>Financing Models</h6> <ul> - <li>Fee-for-service, capitation, bundled payments</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Payment per service; fixed payment per patient; single payment for an episode of care.">Fee-for-service, capitation, bundled payments</span></li> </ul> <h6>Cost-effectiveness Analysis</h6> <ul> - <li>QALY, ICER concepts</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Quality-Adjusted Life Year (measure of health outcome); Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (cost per QALY gained).">QALY, ICER concepts</span></li> </ul> <h6>Resource Allocation</h6> <ul> - <li>Utilization management, stewardship</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Managing use of medical services; responsible use of resources.">Utilization management, stewardship</span></li> </ul> <h6>Health Insurance</h6> <ul> - <li>Public/private systems, coverage determination</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Government-funded or private insurance plans; what services are paid for.">Public/private systems, coverage determination</span></li> </ul> <h6>Healthcare Policy</h6> <ul> - <li>Regulations, legislation basics</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Fundamental understanding of healthcare laws and government rules.">Regulations, legislation basics</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2286,7 +2286,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-gavel"></i> D. Ethics & Humanities</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Moral principles and human dimensions of medical practice. Provides frameworks for addressing ethical dilemmas and understanding the social, cultural, and personal contexts of illness and care. + Moral principles and human dimensions of medical practice. Provides frameworks for addressing <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Situations involving conflicting moral values or principles in healthcare.">ethical dilemmas</span> and understanding the social, cultural, and personal contexts of illness and care. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseEthicsHumanities" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseEthicsHumanities"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -2296,15 +2296,15 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseEthicsHumanities"> <h6>Ethical Principles</h6> <ul> - <li>Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Respect for patient self-determination; acting in patient's best interest; doing no harm; fair distribution of resources/care.">Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice</span></li> </ul> <h6>Medical Ethics</h6> <ul> - <li>Informed consent, confidentiality, end-of-life issues</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Patient's agreement to treatment after understanding risks/benefits; protecting patient privacy; ethical issues surrounding dying.">Informed consent, confidentiality, end-of-life issues</span></li> </ul> <h6>Legal Aspects</h6> <ul> - <li>Malpractice, standard of care, statutory requirements</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Professional negligence; expected level of skill/care; legal obligations.">Malpractice, standard of care, statutory requirements</span></li> </ul> <h6>Professionalism</h6> <ul> @@ -2312,7 +2312,7 @@ </ul> <h6>Medical Humanities</h6> <ul> - <li>Narrative medicine, cultural competence</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using patient stories to understand illness experience; providing care respectful of diverse cultural backgrounds.">Narrative medicine, cultural competence</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2336,7 +2336,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-globe2"></i> A. Global & Public Health</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The health of populations domestically and internationally. Addresses social determinants of health, healthcare disparities, and strategies for improving health outcomes across diverse communities. + The health of populations domestically and internationally. Addresses <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Non-medical factors influencing health outcomes (e.g., socioeconomic status, education, environment).">social determinants of health</span>, <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Unequal distribution of health problems and healthcare access among different population groups.">healthcare disparities</span>, and strategies for improving health outcomes across diverse communities. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseGlobalPublicHealth" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseGlobalPublicHealth"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -2346,18 +2346,18 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseGlobalPublicHealth"> <h6>Global Disease Burden</h6> <ul> - <li>Distribution patterns</li> - <li>Resource-stratified approaches</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How diseases are spread worldwide.">Distribution patterns</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Adapting healthcare strategies based on available resources in different regions.">Resource-stratified approaches</span></li> </ul> <h6>Public Health Practice</h6> <ul> - <li>Population health management</li> - <li>Health promotion</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Managing the health of entire communities or populations.">Population health management</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Activities that enable people to increase control over and improve their health.">Health promotion</span></li> </ul> <h6>Disaster Medicine & Crisis Response</h6> <ul> - <li>Disaster preparedness</li> - <li>Emergency response systems</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Planning and preparation for managing health aspects of disasters.">Disaster preparedness</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Systems and protocols for responding to health emergencies.">Emergency response systems</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2374,7 +2374,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-flower1"></i> B. End-of-Life & Palliative Care</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Approaches to improving quality of life for patients with serious illness and supporting dying patients. Integrates symptom management with psychosocial and spiritual care in a patient-centered framework. + Approaches to improving quality of life for patients with serious illness and supporting dying patients. Integrates <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Relief of physical discomfort like pain, nausea, breathlessness.">symptom management</span> with <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Addressing emotional, social, and spiritual needs.">psychosocial and spiritual care</span> in a patient-centered framework. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseEOLPalliative" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseEOLPalliative"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -2384,23 +2384,23 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseEOLPalliative"> <h6>Symptom Management</h6> <ul> - <li>Pain assessment frameworks</li> - <li>Non-pain symptom control</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Standardized ways to evaluate and quantify pain.">Pain assessment frameworks</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Managing symptoms other than pain (e.g., nausea, fatigue, anxiety).">Non-pain symptom control</span></li> </ul> <h6>Psychosocial/Spiritual Support</h6> <ul> - <li>Existential distress management</li> - <li>Family support systems</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Addressing deep emotional or spiritual suffering related to illness.">Existential distress management</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Providing support and resources for patients' families and caregivers.">Family support systems</span></li> </ul> <h6>Advance Care Planning</h6> <ul> - <li>Values clarification processes</li> - <li>Care preference discussion</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Helping patients reflect on their values and preferences for future medical care.">Values clarification processes</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Conversations about patient wishes for medical treatment, especially at end of life.">Care preference discussion</span></li> </ul> <h6>Terminal Care</h6> <ul> - <li>Dying process physiology</li> - <li>Withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Understanding the natural physical changes as death approaches.">Dying process physiology</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ethical and medical considerations when stopping treatments that prolong life.">Withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2417,7 +2417,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-prescription2"></i> C. Addiction Medicine</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - The diagnosis and treatment of substance use disorders and related conditions. Addresses the neurobiological basis of addiction, assessment approaches, and evidence-based treatment modalities. + The diagnosis and treatment of <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Medical conditions characterized by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences.">substance use disorders</span> and related conditions. Addresses the <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="How brain chemistry and pathways are involved in addiction.">neurobiological basis of addiction</span>, assessment approaches, and evidence-based treatment modalities. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseAddictionMedicine" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseAddictionMedicine"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -2427,15 +2427,15 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseAddictionMedicine"> <h6>Screening/Assessment</h6> <ul> - <li>Validated instrument use</li> - <li>Motivational interviewing techniques</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Using standardized questionnaires to detect substance use problems.">Validated instrument use</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="A counseling approach to help patients explore and resolve ambivalence about behavior change.">Motivational interviewing techniques</span></li> </ul> <h6>Treatment Approaches</h6> <ul> - <li>Pharmacotherapy options</li> - <li>Behavioral interventions</li> - <li>Harm reduction strategies</li> - <li>Recovery support systems</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Medications to manage withdrawal, reduce cravings, or block effects of substances.">Pharmacotherapy options</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Therapies like CBT or counseling to address addiction-related behaviors.">Behavioral interventions</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Practical strategies aimed at reducing negative consequences associated with drug use.">Harm reduction strategies</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Programs and groups that help individuals maintain sobriety and prevent relapse.">Recovery support systems</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list"> @@ -2452,7 +2452,7 @@ <h5><i class="bi bi-person-workspace"></i> D. Professional Development</h5> <div class="card-content-wrapper"> <p class="summary"> - Skills and attitudes for career-long growth and effectiveness. Focuses on continuous learning, leadership, teaching abilities, and maintaining personal well-being throughout a medical career. + Skills and attitudes for career-long growth and effectiveness. Focuses on <span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge.">continuous learning</span>, leadership, teaching abilities, and maintaining personal well-being throughout a medical career. </p> <button class="btn btn-sm details-toggle" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseProfessionalDev" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseProfessionalDev"> Details <i class="bi bi-chevron-down"></i> @@ -2462,28 +2462,28 @@ <div class="collapse collapse-content" id="collapseProfessionalDev"> <h6>Lifelong Learning</h6> <ul> - <li>CME requirements</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Continuing Medical Education credits needed to maintain licensure.">CME requirements</span></li> <li>Information management</li> </ul> <h6>Leadership</h6> <ul> <li>Team management</li> - <li>Change implementation</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Guiding and facilitating changes within a healthcare setting or system.">Change implementation</span></li> </ul> <h6>Teaching Skills</h6> <ul> - <li>Clinical teaching methods</li> - <li>Feedback provision</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Effective methods for educating students and colleagues in a clinical setting.">Clinical teaching methods</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Giving constructive criticism and guidance to learners.">Feedback provision</span></li> </ul> <h6>Career Planning</h6> <ul> - <li>Practice types</li> - <li>Contract considerations</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Different settings where physicians work (e.g., hospital, clinic, academic).">Practice types</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Key elements to review in employment agreements.">Contract considerations</span></li> </ul> <h6>Physician Wellness</h6> <ul> - <li>Burnout prevention</li> - <li>Resilience building</li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Strategies to avoid emotional exhaustion and cynicism related to work stress.">Burnout prevention</span></li> + <li><span class="term" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="top" data-bs-title="Developing coping mechanisms to manage stress and adversity.">Resilience building</span></li> </ul> <h6 class="learn-more-title">Learn More:</h6> <ul class="learn-more-list">