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· 1 year ago
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--- a/currency-timeline.html +++ b/currency-timeline.html @@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="A Visual History of Global Monetary Standards - The Quest for Sound Money" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="A visual history of global monetary standards, from commodity money, classical coinage (Drachma, Denarius, Dinar), the Gold Standard (Pound Sterling, USD), to the Fiat Experiment and the rise of Bitcoin as digital sound money. Explore the evolution of currency, its properties like spatial salability, and its impact on society." /> - <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cheatsheets.davidveksler.com/currency-timeline.png" /> + <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cheatsheets.davidveksler.com/images/currency-timeline.png" /> <meta property="og:title" content="A Visual History of Global Monetary Standards - The Quest for Sound Money" /> <meta property="og:description" content="A visual history of global monetary standards, from commodity money, classical coinage (Drachma, Denarius, Dinar), the Gold Standard (Pound Sterling, USD), to the Fiat Experiment and the rise of Bitcoin as digital sound money. Explore the evolution of currency, its properties like spatial salability, and its impact on society." /> - <meta property="og:image" content="https://cheatsheets.davidveksler.com/currency-timeline.png" /> + <meta property="og:image" content="https://cheatsheets.davidveksler.com/images/currency-timeline.png" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://cheatsheets.davidveksler.com/currency-timeline.html" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="David Veksler" /> @@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-shells"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~3000 BC - Various Eras</span><h3>Shells, Beads, and Ornamental Monies</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cowry_shells_for_sale.jpg/600px-Cowry_shells_for_sale.jpg" alt="Cowrie Shells used as commodity money" loading="lazy"> + <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/A_print_from_1845_shows_cowry_shells_being_used_as_money_by_an_Arab_trader.jpg?20140209105642" alt="Cowrie Shells used as commodity money" loading="lazy"> <p>Cowrie shells (Indo-Pacific, Africa, China) and Wampum beads (Native North America) became widespread commodity monies. Their uniformity, durability, and relative difficulty to "produce" (especially inland) gave them better temporal salability than many other commodities. However, their spatial salability remained limited compared to metals.</p> <p class="ammous-insight"><strong>Fiat Standard Insight:</strong> Even early commodity monies were chosen for properties resembling "hardness." However, vulnerability to new supply discoveries (like Rai stones with Captain O'Keefe) demonstrates the importance of robust scarcity. (Ammous, The Fiat Standard, Ch. 4)</p> </div></div> @@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-lightning"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~650 BC (Lydia)</span><h3>The Lydian Innovation: Electrum Coins</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lydian_Lion_Electrum_Coin.jpg/600px-Lydian_Lion_Electrum_Coin.jpg" alt="Lydian Lion Electrum Coin - an early example of coinage" loading="lazy"> + <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/BMC_06.jpg" alt="Lydian Lion Electrum Coin - an early example of coinage" loading="lazy"> <p>Kingdom of Lydia (Western Anatolia) pioneers the first true coins from electrum (a natural gold-silver alloy), stamped with official insignia. This innovation improved verifiability and acceptance, enhancing spatial salability. The metallic nature (gold/silver) ensured good temporal salability.</p> </div></div> </div> @@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-yin-yang"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~600 BC - ~300 BC</span><h3>Parallel Developments: Greece, India, China</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Indian_punch-marked_coins_from_Taxila%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg/600px-Indian_punch-marked_coins_from_Taxila%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg" alt="Indian Punch-Marked Coins representing coinage in India" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images\indian-punch-coins.jpg" alt="Indian Punch-Marked Coins representing coinage in India" loading="lazy"> <ul> <li><strong>Greek Drachma:</strong> Silver coinage, like the Athenian Owl Drachma (typically ~4.3g of high-purity silver), became dominant in Mediterranean trade, valued for its consistent quality and metallic soundness.</li> <li><strong>Indian Karshapana:</strong> Punch-marked silver coins emerged, facilitating regional commerce.</li> @@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><span>R</span></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~269 BC - ~270 AD</span><h3>Roman Coinage: Denarius & Aureus - Rise and Debasement</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Denier_Auguste_Lugdunum_revers.jpg/600px-Denier_Auguste_Lugdunum_revers.jpg" alt="Roman Denarius of Augustus, illustrating Roman coinage" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images\600px-Denier_Auguste_Lugdunum_revers.jpg" alt="Roman Denarius of Augustus, illustrating Roman coinage" loading="lazy"> <p>Rome's silver Denarius (initially ~4.5g, >95% pure silver) and gold Aureus (initially ~8g gold) facilitated imperial expansion due to their relative soundness and wide acceptance. However, systematic state-led debasement (reducing silver/gold content to fund expenses) began with Nero and accelerated dramatically by the 3rd Century AD, destroying the currency's temporal salability and leading to hyperinflation.</p> <p class="quantitative-detail"><strong>Debasement:</strong> Denarius silver content fell to <5% by Gallienus' reign, leading to severe economic disruption, a recurring theme with state-controlled money losing its hardness.</p> </div></div> @@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-shield-fill-plus"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~312 AD - ~1070s AD</span><h3>Byzantine Solidus: A Beacon of Stability</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Solidus_of_Constantine_the_Great.jpg/600px-Solidus_of_Constantine_the_Great.jpg" alt="Byzantine Solidus Coin, known for its stability" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images\600px-Solidus_of_Constantine_the_Great.jpg" alt="Byzantine Solidus Coin, known for its stability" loading="lazy"> <p>Constantine I introduced the gold Solidus (~4.5g, high purity gold). It maintained its weight and fineness for over 7 centuries, becoming the trusted international currency of the Mediterranean, underpinning Byzantine economic power. Its consistent quality and recognized authority gave it excellent temporal and spatial salability, becoming the "dollar of the Middle Ages."</p> <p class="currency-detail"><strong>Global Impact:</strong> Its stability was key for long-distance trade; widely imitated (e.g., early Islamic Dinar).</p> </div></div> @@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-moon-stars"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~690s AD - Medieval Era</span><h3>Islamic Gold Dinar & Silver Dirham</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dinar_cropped.jpg/600px-Dinar_cropped.jpg" alt="Islamic Gold Dinar, a significant currency in medieval trade" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images\600px-Dinar_cropped.jpg" alt="Islamic Gold Dinar, a significant currency in medieval trade" loading="lazy"> <p>The Umayyad Caliphate introduced the standardized Gold Dinar (typically ~4.25g gold, inspired by the Solidus) and Silver Dirham (typically ~2.97g silver). These generally sound currencies, valued for their consistent weight and high purity, fueled extensive trade networks from Al-Andalus (Spain) to India and China due to their strong temporal and spatial salability.</p> </div></div> </div> @@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-receipt-cutoff"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~10th - 15th Century (China)</span><h3>Chinese Paper Currency: Promise & Peril of Early Fiat</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ming_banknote_1_Kuan_1368-1399.jpg/500px-Ming_banknote_1_Kuan_1368-1399.jpg" alt="Ming Dynasty Banknote, an example of early Chinese paper currency" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images\500px-Ming_banknote_1_Kuan_1368-1399.jpg" alt="Ming Dynasty Banknote, an example of early Chinese paper currency" loading="lazy"> <p>Various Chinese dynasties (Song, Jin, Yuan) developed paper money (e.g., Jiaozi). While offering superior spatial salability over coins for large transactions, repeated state over-issuance, particularly under the Yuan and early Ming, led to hyperinflation and loss of faith, destroying its temporal salability. This highlighted the core problem of money controlled by the state: the temptation to debase it for fiscal needs.</p> <p class="ammous-insight"><strong>Fiat Standard Insight:</strong> Early paper money demonstrated that value dictated by authority, without a hard anchor, is prone to over-issuance and collapse. (Ammous, The Fiat Standard, Ch. 3)</p> </div></div> @@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-flower1"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~1252 AD (Florence/Venice)</span><h3>European Gold Revival: Florin & Ducat</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gold_florin_of_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_1252-1303_AD%2C_RICAM_2008.0.242-001.jpg/600px-Gold_florin_of_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_1252-1303_AD%2C_RICAM_2008.0.242-001.jpg" alt="Florentine Florin, signifying the revival of gold coinage in Europe" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images\600px-Gold_florin_of_Florence_Italy.jpg" alt="Florentine Florin, signifying the revival of gold coinage in Europe" loading="lazy"> <p>Italian maritime republics reintroduced gold coinage: the Florentine Florin (~3.54g, 24-carat gold) and Venetian Ducat/Sequin (similar high weight/purity). Their stability, recognizability, and metallic soundness made them dominant, trusted currencies for high-value European commerce for centuries, showcasing strong temporal and spatial salability.</p> </div></div> </div> @@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-tsunami"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~1500s - ~1800s</span><h3>The Spanish Silver Dollar: First True Global Currency</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spaanse_mat_Ferdinand_VI_1757.jpg/600px-Spaanse_mat_Ferdinand_VI_1757.jpg" alt="Spanish Silver Dollar (Piece of Eight), a global currency" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images\600px-Spaanse_mat_Ferdinand_VI_1757.jpg" alt="Spanish Silver Dollar (Piece of Eight), a global currency" loading="lazy"> <p>Vast silver from Spanish American mines led to the mass minting of the Spanish Silver Dollar (Real de a Ocho, ~25.5g fine silver). Its uniformity and wide availability (high spatial salability) made it the dominant international trade currency for over 200 years, accepted across Europe, the Americas, and Asia (especially China, becoming a de facto standard there).</p> <p class="quantitative-detail"><strong>Impact - Price Revolution:</strong> The massive silver influx into Europe led to prolonged general price inflation (16th-17th centuries), illustrating the quantity theory of money, even for a relatively hard commodity.</p> </div></div> @@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><span>£</span></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">~1717 (de facto) / 1816 (official) - 1914 (effectively ended)</span><h3>Great Britain & The Gold Standard: The "Neverending Bank Holiday"</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GB_sovereign_Victoria_1887.jpg/600px-GB_sovereign_Victoria_1887.jpg" alt="British Gold Sovereign coin, representing the Gold Standard" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images\1887-gold-sovereign-coin-victoria-jubilee-head-london-obverse-396.jpg" alt="British Gold Sovereign coin, representing the Gold Standard" loading="lazy"> <p>Britain formally adopted the gold standard in 1816, with the Pound Sterling (£) redeemable for gold sovereigns (7.322g fine gold). This system promoted long-term price stability and facilitated international trade during Pax Britannica. However, WWI led the Bank of England to suspend gold redeemability (the "Neverending Bank Holiday" started July 31, 1914) and promote notes via appeals like the August 6, 1915 directive. This was a critical step towards fiat, exploiting gold's reliance on bank-issued paper for practical spatial salability.</p> <p class="ammous-insight"><strong>Fiat Standard Insight:</strong> The WWI suspension of gold convertibility and state promotion of paper notes in Britain was the genesis of the fiat standard. It demonstrated how states could detach currency from its metallic backing to finance activities like war, leveraging the public's reliance on bank-mediated gold claims. (Ammous, The Fiat Standard, Ch. 1 & 2)</p> </div></div> @@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><span>$</span></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">1870s (de facto) / 1900 (official) - 1933</span><h3>United States Joins the Gold Standard</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1907_Liberty_Head_double_eagle_gold_coin_obverse.jpg/600px-1907_Liberty_Head_double_eagle_gold_coin_obverse.jpg" alt="US Gold Double Eagle Coin, marking US adoption of Gold Standard" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images/600px-1907_Liberty_Head_double_eagle_gold_coin_obverse.jpg" alt="US Gold Double Eagle Coin, marking US adoption of Gold Standard" loading="lazy"> <p>The US formally adopted the gold standard with the Gold Standard Act of 1900 (1 USD = ~1.505g fine gold). This period saw significant US industrial growth. Domestic gold convertibility was suspended in 1933 during the Great Depression, and gold ownership by citizens criminalized, further eroding the principles of sound money and paving the way for greater state control over the monetary system.</p> </div></div> </div> @@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-building-exclamation"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">1914 - 1944</span><h3>Interwar Period: Breakdown & Flawed Restoration Attempts</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13304%2C_Berlin%2C_Inflationsgeld_wird_verbrannt.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13304%2C_Berlin%2C_Inflationsgeld_wird_verbrannt.jpg" alt="Burning German Marks during Weimar Hyperinflation, showing breakdown of monetary standards" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images/weimar-republic-hyperinflation-burning-money.webp" alt="Burning German Marks during Weimar Hyperinflation, showing breakdown of monetary standards" loading="lazy"> <p>WWI led to widespread suspension of gold standards. Attempts to restore it (e.g., Gold Exchange Standard via Genoa Conference 1922) were fragile, often relying on major currencies like the Pound and Dollar as reserves, which themselves had diluted gold backing. This exported inflation and created systemic instability. Competitive devaluations and economic nationalism contributed to the Great Depression.</p> <p class="quantitative-detail"><strong>Weimar Hyperinflation (Germany 1921-23):</strong> A catastrophic example of a state resorting to the printing press after abandoning gold backing, destroying savings and social order.</p> </div></div> @@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-diagram-3-fill"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">1944 - 1971</span><h3>Bretton Woods: Dollar Hegemony, Fraying Gold Link</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bretton_Woods_Conference_delegates_July_1944_Colorized.jpg/600px-Bretton_Woods_Conference_delegates_July_1944_Colorized.jpg" alt="Bretton Woods Conference Delegates, establishing USD hegemony" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images/600px-Bretton_Woods_Conference_delegates_July_1944.jpg" alt="Bretton Woods Conference Delegates, establishing USD hegemony" loading="lazy"> <p>The USD, pegged to gold at $35/ounce (convertible only for foreign central banks), became the world reserve. Other currencies pegged to the USD. This "gold-exchange standard" relied on US commitment to maintain gold backing, which eroded due to domestic spending and war finance (Triffin Dilemma), as the US effectively exported inflation.</p> <p class="ammous-insight"><strong>Fiat Standard Insight:</strong> Bretton Woods institutionalized the US dollar (and the Federal Reserve) as the central node in a global monetary network topology, where other national currencies became derivatives of the dollar, which itself was only tenuously linked to gold. (Ammous, The Fiat Standard, Ch. 2, 3 & 7)</p> </div></div> @@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-door-closed-fill"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">August 15, 1971</span><h3>Nixon Closes the Gold Window: The Fiat Standard Fully Operable</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Richard_Nixon_pardons_turkey_1971.jpg/600px-Richard_Nixon_pardons_turkey_1971.jpg" alt="Richard Nixon, associated with closing the gold window" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images/turkey-pardon-history-15.jpg" alt="Richard Nixon, associated with closing the gold window" loading="lazy"> <p>President Nixon unilaterally suspended USD convertibility to gold, definitively ending the Bretton Woods system. This launched the era of pure fiat money worldwide, where currency value is unbacked by any physical commodity and is managed (manipulated) by central banks. The "Fiat Standard" became fully operational.</p> <p class="currency-detail"><strong>The Fiat Standard Installed:</strong> This marked the final detachment of global money from physical scarcity, completing a process started decades earlier. (Ammous, The Fiat Standard, Ch. 1 & 2)</p> </div></div> @@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-infinity"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">1971 - Present</span><h3>The Age of Pure Fiat: Debt, Inflation, and Distorted Time Preference</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Zimbabwe_%24100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg/600px-Zimbabwe_%24100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg" alt="Zimbabwe $100 Trillion Banknote, example of fiat hyperinflation" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images/600px-Zimbabwe_100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg" alt="Zimbabwe $100 Trillion Banknote, example of fiat hyperinflation" loading="lazy"> <p>National currencies (USD, EUR, JPY, etc.) operate as unbacked fiat. This era is characterized by:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Persistent Inflation & Debasement:</strong> Continuous erosion of purchasing power.</li> @@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-graph-up-arrow"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">2012, 2016, 2020, 2024...</span><h3>The Halvings: Programmatic Scarcity & "Digital Gold"</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bitcoin_Block_Reward_Halving_Schedule_Logarithmic.png/600px-Bitcoin_Block_Reward_Halving_Schedule_Logarithmic.png" alt="Bitcoin Halving Schedule Chart showing programmatic scarcity" loading="lazy"> + <img src="https://makeanapplike.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Bitcoin-halving-dates-history-1536x1075.jpg" alt="Bitcoin Halving Schedule Chart showing programmatic scarcity" loading="lazy"> <p>Bitcoin's new supply issuance is halved approximately every four years ("halvings"), making its inflation rate predictably decline towards zero, with a final fixed supply of 21 million coins. This "Difficulty Adjustment: The Secret Sauce" ensures its hardness, contrasting with fiat's politically driven elastic supply, reinforcing Bitcoin's role as "digital gold" with superior temporal salability.</p> </div></div> </div> @@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-globe"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">Ongoing</span><h3>Bitcoin's Potential: Neutral Global Currency & Superior Spatial Salability</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/600px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" alt="Flag of El Salvador, first nation to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images/BANDERA-DE-EL-SALVADOR-Tradiciones-de-El-Salvador.jpg" alt="Flag of El Salvador, first nation to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender" loading="lazy"> <p>Bitcoin enables final settlement across borders in hours, permissionlessly. This superior spatial salability—compared to gold (costly/slow physical movement) and fiat (reliant on centralized, politicized banking networks)—positions it as a potential neutral global currency. Its debt-free nature offers an escape from the "universal debt slavery" of the fiat standard.</p> <p class="ammous-insight"><strong>Fiat Standard Insight:</strong> Bitcoin's superior spatial salability over gold and its hardness over fiat could allow it to "fix" the problems of the fiat standard by demonetizing debt and offering a sound, neutral settlement layer. (Ammous, The Fiat Standard, Ch. 12 & 17)</p> </div></div> @@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ <div class="timeline-icon"><i class="bi bi-shield-check"></i></div> <div class="timeline-content-wrapper"><div class="timeline-content"> <span class="year">Ongoing</span><h3>Bitcoin vs. CBDCs & The Fiat System: Digitized Control vs. Decentralized Soundness</h3> - <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gavel_clip_art.svg/500px-Gavel_clip_art.svg.png" alt="Gavel representing regulation and the state's role in money" loading="lazy"> + <img src="images/bitcoin-vs-cbdc.png" alt="Gavel representing regulation and the state's role in money" loading="lazy"> <p>Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) are emerging state responses. However, CBDCs are essentially digitized fiat, retaining centralized control, programmability for surveillance/social engineering, and inflationary potential. They represent the fiat ideal of total control, contrasting sharply with Bitcoin's decentralized, permissionless, and scarce nature.</p> <p class="currency-detail"><strong>Core Conflict:</strong> The battle between decentralized, hard money principles (Bitcoin) and centralized, elastic, surveillance-prone fiat systems (including CBDCs).</p> </div></div> Binary files /dev/null and b/images/1887-gold-sovereign-coin-victoria-jubilee-head-london-obverse-396.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/500px-Ming_banknote_1_Kuan_1368-1399.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/600px-1907_Liberty_Head_double_eagle_gold_coin_obverse.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/600px-Bretton_Woods_Conference_delegates_July_1944.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/600px-Denier_Auguste_Lugdunum_revers.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/600px-Dinar_cropped.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/600px-Gold_florin_of_Florence_Italy.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/600px-Solidus_of_Constantine_the_Great.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/600px-Spaanse_mat_Ferdinand_VI_1757.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/600px-Zimbabwe_100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/BANDERA-DE-EL-SALVADOR-Tradiciones-de-El-Salvador.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/bitcoin-vs-cbdc.png differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/currency-timeline.png differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/indian-punch-coins.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/turkey-pardon-history-15.jpg differ Binary files /dev/null and b/images/weimar-republic-hyperinflation-burning-money.webp differ